ch 8 Flashcards
4 main region of brain
brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
cerebrum regions (lobes)
frontal lobe, insula, parietal lobe, occiptial lobe, temporal lobe,
frontal lobe involved in (5)
problem solving, voluntary movement, ppech porduction
insula (3)
spoken language, taste center, integrating visceral info
partial lobe (5)
somatosensory porcessing
temporal lobe (4)
lang processing, memory
gyrus
hill
sulcus
valley
cerebrum is what % of brain
80
primary somatosensory
sense temp, touch
somatosenosry association area role
interprets and integrates information about touch
primary gustatory
taste
primary auditory
hearing, near ear
wernike area
comprehending speach
brocha area
planning speach muscles
olfactory
smell
diencephalon regions
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
thalamus
main relay center for brain, some memory and emotion, relays motor signal
hypothalamus
work with endocrine system (hormones),
control autonomic effects, thirst and hunger center, memory and emotion, thermoregualtion
epithalamus
circadian rythms,
secreate meletonin,
controls when you get hungry and sleepy-
pineal gland
cerebellum
motor coordination, balance, time keeping, evaluates sensory info
brainstem parts
pons, medulla oblengata, midbrain
medulla oblongata
cardiac, respiratory center, vasomotor
dialating blood vessiles
controlling breathing rate
controlling heart rate
pons
respiration, sleep, controlling blader
midbrain
pain modulation, focus vision, posture, auditory reflexes
spinal cord grey matter
deep/ in center of cord
somas and dendrites
horns
spinal chord white matter
myelinated axons
superfical
columns
has tracts
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
alining spin of all protons in body to make image
EEG
pick up electrical activity in brain with nodes on the noggin
fMRI
uses blood flow as measure of brain activity
active = more blood
BOLD response
the change in blood oxygenation level detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
alpha waves
awake, not think about anything specific
beta waves
awake and alert
concentrating on a task
theta waves
drowsy
increase in task needed for concentration
sleepy or emotional stress
delta waves
deeppppppp sleeeeeeppp
delta waves but awake in adults indicates
brain death
ascending tracts how many
1st order neuron
2nd order neuron
3rd order neuron
1st order neron
detect stimulus and send signal to spine or brain stem
2nd order neuron
spine/ brain stem to thalamus
3rd order
thalamus to cerebral cortex
then become aware
decussation
cross over the sensation info when traveling to brain
will happen at spinal cord or brainstem
homunculus of primary motor and somatosensory cortex
visual representation of the human body where different body parts are proportionally sized based on how much cortical area in the brain is dedicated to processing motor functions
anterolateral spinothalamic decussates where, terms where, and what purpose
decussates- spine
terminates at somatosensory cortex
for pain and temp
association area
brain figure out what to do with the info
dorsal column medial lemniscus
decussates
terms
for what
decussates- medulla
terminates at somatosens
cutting touch and pressure and body position
posterior spinocerebellar terminates at, receives sensations from, responsible for
terminates at cerebellum
sensation from one side of body to same side of cerebellum
coordinated muscle contractions
anterior spinocerebellar terminates at, receives sensations from, responsible for
terms at cerebellum
for sensory impulses from both sides to cerebellum
coordinated muscle contractions
how signals from the body will travel thru the brain (what cortexes)
primary sensory cortex,
sensory association cortex,
posterior association cortex,
prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex,
primary motor cortex
premotor area
think about what muscles to contract
mirror neurons
acting to imitate actions
mirror neurons in
somatosensory cortex
basial nuclei location
little islands of grey matter deep within white matter
what controls voluntary movement (2)
lentiform nucleus, corpus striata
basal nuclei parts (2)
claustrum, corpus striatum
motor circuit
appropriate movements
and inhibits unwanted movement.
motor circuit steps (4)
- motor cortices relese glutamate
- putamen release GABA
- globus pallidus sends GABA releasing inhibitory axons to thalamus
- Thalamus sends excitatory axons to motor cortices
what is excitatory in the motor circuit
motor cortices release glutamate,
thalamus sending axons to motor cortices
what is inhibitory in the motor circuit
putamen releasing GABA,
globus pallidus sending gaba to thalamus
child will use - to move
sm1, pre sma
adult use what to move
midbrain, putamen, globus pallidus
premotor cortex
planing and organizing movements
primary motor cortex
sends out motor commands
descending pathway
motor
ascending pathway
senory
upper motor neruon
primary motor neuron to spinal cord
lower motor neruon
spinal cord to effector
anterior corticospinal tract controls what muscles
axial muscles
lateral corticospinal tract controls what muscles
appendicular muscles
pyramidal tracts focus on
fine motor movements
extrapyramidal tract will
posture, large movements
ALS
upper or lower motor neuron
cant re uptake glutamine
death
muscles die n shit
die bc you cant contract diaphragm
angular gyrus
vision/ visual info
aphasia
loss of ability to express or understnad speech
brocas aphasia
cant speach flutently, but can comprehend
wernickes aphasia
can speak fluently, but cant comprehend
sleep stages
drowsy, light sleep, moderate sleep, deepest sleep, REM
deep sleep waves
delta
drowsy waves
alpha
light sleep
alpha with spindles
mod sleep
theta
REM sleep waves
theta waves
non rem sleep helps
neural plasticity
orexin neurons
releases stuff to promote wakefulness
monoaminergic neurons promotes
sleepyness
orexin levels are low leads to
sleep instability
narcolepsy
orexin is in the
hypothalamus
brain regions involved in sleep
hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, pons, reticular formation, thalamus
limbic system plays a role in
aggression, fear, feeding, sex drive, goal directed behaviors
aggression from
amygdaloid body and hypothalamus
fear from
amygdaloid body and hypothalamus
feeding sensation from
hypothalamus
sex drive from
limbic system, and cerebrum
goal directed behaviors from
hypothalamus and frontal cortex
to go from short term to long term memory you undergo
memory consolidation
non declarative long term mem
procedural
declarative memory
verbal, the ability to consciously recall facts and events
semantic long term memory
facts
episodic long term memory
episodic
working memory is in the what cortex and what type of memory
prefrontal cortex
and is short term
reverberating circuit allow for
working memory
hold mem for short time
dendritic spine
will grow with repeated stimualtion
will make connection stronger and more excitable n stuff
alzheimers
neurodegenerative disease that accumulates plaques and tangles in brain that causes death and inflamation
CTE chronic traumatic encephalitis
Accumulation of fibrillar
neuroaggregates in
the midbrain and
limbic system
right hemi responsible for
visuospatial tasks,
recognizing faces,
composing music,
arranging blocks, reading
maps, comprehension of
patterns, part-whole
relationships
left hemi for
Language,
analytical ability, speech,
writing, calculations,
hypothalamus controls
onset of sleep
hippocampus durring sleep
memory region active during dreaming
amygdala durring dreaming
active during dreaming
thalamus durring sleep
prevents sensory signals from reaching cortex
reticular formation
regulates the transition bn sleep and wakefulness
pons during sleep
helps initiate REM sleep
primary somatosensory cortex
post central gyrus
reflex arch
a neural pathway that controls a reflex action, or automatic response to a stimulus
extrapyrimidal
motor output
cross talk bn motor cortex and basal ganglia and then end out signal to move`
