ch 6 Flashcards
plasma membrane
phos lipid bilayer that acts acts as a barrier
glycoprotien
acts as a marker n stuff
passsive trans
no require energy (ATP), with gradient
active trans
require energy (ATP), against gradient
passive transport examples
diffusion, osmosis
diffusion
flows hi to low
if theres a concentration diff, itll get equilib by diffusion
2nd law
browmian movement
molecules in a solution are in a constant state of motion-
solutions
solvent and a dissolved solute
colloid
mix of proteins and water
suspension
large particles suspended in liquid, will seperate
emulsion
suspension of liquid in a liquid
ex oil in water
simple diffusion allows for what to cross
small, nonpolar molecules
ex o2
ion channels in simple diffusion will let in
na, k, mg
facilitated diffusion
carrier mediated (carrier protein), involved confirmation change
still flows hi to low
facilitated diffusion can move
glucose
factors effecting diffusion rate
temp, molecule weight, concentration steepness, membrane surface area, membrane permeability
paracellular
inbetween cell gaps
transcellular
thru the cell
typically in the brain
glut 1
insulin independant
glut 2
insulin independant
high k
low affinity
glut 3
insulin indie
low k
high affinity
glut 4
insulin dependant
exercise
km/ michaelis constant
inverse of measurment of affinity
found at 1/2 v max
substrate concentration that a protein will reach its max rate
ligand gated ion channel
need chem to bind to open
mechancially gated ion gated
pressure opens it
always open ion gate
weak
will let stuff flow from hi to low concenttration
voltage gated ion channel
active/inactice based on membrane potential/ charge
transport max
transporter will let shit slip by if theres more molecules than the max amount it can handle
carrier fully saturated
hyperglycemia
hi glucose
cause glucose in the piss bc transporter overloaded
osmosis
diffusion of water across the membrane
osmotically active
solute no pass thru membrane, promotes osmosis
osmolarity
molarity of solute
tonicity
ability of solute to pull water
osmotically active moleculoe examples
cant cross,
NaCL and glucose
isotonic
same conc of solute, no net movement (some actual movement tho)
ex 0.9 NaCl
hypotonic
water into cell bc lower conc of solutes, increase cell volume
hypertonic
water out of cell bc higher conc, shrivel cell
hemolysis
exploded cell from water moving into cell
crenation
cell shrink up bc water leave cell
how osmotic pressure push stuff into and out of cap beds
osmosis solutes will pull water into and push water out of cap beds
decrease volume of blood leads to
increase of solutes of blood, trigger osmoreceptors, thirst, secreate ADH to retain more water
low protein in blood effect of blood volume
decrease, lead to kwashiorkor (swelling)
how low protein lead to edema
less water in cap bed lead to edema, water move out of blood to tissue
IV distilled water will lead to what type of solution in blood
hypotonic amnd RBC burst
drinks gaterade woudl have to be - to hydrate well
hypotonic- to draw water to tissue
drinking ocean water is
hypertonic- draws water out of blood- shrivel up
fertilizer in plants make soil
hypertonic, draws water to soil, water out of plant
active trans and example
against gradient, need atp
Na/K pump
Na/K pump
active trans
3na/2k
3-2-1 Nokia
3 sodium out, 2 sodium in, 1 ATP used
symporter
2 molecules in same way
uniport
1 solute moves
antiport/ counter transport
2 shit in opp direction
1st active trans
carrier transport, used ATP
2ndary active trans
not ATP, dependant on primary active trans
a process that moves molecules across a cell membrane using an electrochemical gradient
vesicular transport
moves large particles, fluid, droplets, or many molecules thru vesicles
active
endocytosis
vesicular process that bring material into cell
active
phagocytosis
engulfs large particles to digest them
“drinking”
active
receptors mediated endocytosis
lignad bings to receptor to cause endocytosis
active
covid transport type
receptor mediated
clathrin
protein complex
coats vesivle
ID tag for cellular trans
ACE2
cell repector
covid uses
converts angiotensin II to angiotensin
angiotensin lowers
blood pressure
exocytosis
vesicular
bring stuff out
trasnports discharge material from the cell
what initiate membrane fusion
snare proteins interact with each-other on opposing membranes to initiate membrane fusion
membrane potential
diff charge on each side of plasma membrane due to NA/K pumps
what ion is most abundant in the cell
k
what ion is most abundant outside the cell
na
membrane potential depends on
concentration gradient
membrane permeability
why is potassium inside cell
negative charge from proteins
larger diffusion gradient cuases
higher rate of dissusion
larger diffusion gradients can have
multiple ion gradients present
Nernst equation
calcs an ions equilibrium potential
volt needed to oppose the net movement of an ion down its concentration gradient
k equilibrium potential
electrical attraction would pull k+ into cell until concentration gradient pulling k out matches it
k reach equilibrium when
more k inside (more negative) cell vs outside
what membrane potential stops diffusion of K out of cell
90 mV
where is Na when reached equilibrium potential
higher sodium concentration outside of cell
To keep Na out
inside of cell has to be positive to repel
cell membrane potential is closer to
the more permeable K+ and less to NA
when NA is in equilib the inside is more
+
resting membrane potential is closer to
equilibrium membrane potential of potassium
resting membrne potential is
negative in nuerons and biological membranes n stuff
uneven dist of ion is bc
membrane more perm to k/potassium
gap junction allow what to pass
small solutes to pass thru into neighboring cell
important in cell signaling
autocrine
cell target self
signaling across gap junctions
all targets connected by gap functions
paracrine
cell targets nearby cell-in stomach alot
endocrine
cell target something far away thru bloodstream
hormone
hydrophilic cells need
receptor protein on surface/channel and receptor
cant enter on its own
hydrophobic cell
small receptor can travel into cell
second messenger
a g protein that will convert atp to cyclic atp and activates adenylyl cyclase to start the thing
relays a signal received by a cell surface receptor, acting as a mediator to trigger specific cellular responses within the cell
glut 1 locations
blood
brain blood barrier
heart
glut 2 locations
liver
pancrease
small intestine
glut 3 locations
brain
neurons
sperm
glut4 locations
skeletal muscle
adipose tissue
heart
