ch 11 Flashcards
steroid hormones derived from
cholesterol
momoamine/amines derived
derived from tyrosine and trytophan
peptides
protein and polypeptide hormones
protein chain ammount
more than 100 amino acids
polypeptide amino acid length
less than 100 aminos
glycoproteins
protein bound to carbohydrate
can act as a hormone
steroid hormone pathway
started with cholesterol to
progesterone
bruh idk finish later
preprohormone
newly synthesized inactive hormone
prohormone
modifed preprohormone by the ER
prehorhome
inactive untill chem modified in target cell
hydrophilic hormones
manoamines
peptides
glycoprotine
can travel in blood
hydrophobic hormones
steroids
tyroid
melatonin
hormones will only bind to
its very specific receptor
hydrophilic traveling
secreted by exocytosis and travel blood stream
hydrophobic traveling
diffused into blood and binds to carrier proteins to travel
free protien
rano hydrophobic hormone traveling in blood
extracell receptors
bind hydrophilic hormones that cant cross plasma membrane
has a second messenger
intracell receptors
bind hydrophobic hormones that can cross plasma membrane
extracell receptors use
second messenger
intracell receptors translocate to
nucleus
up regulation means
increase number of receptors
sensitivity increased
down regulation means
reduce number of receptors
less sensitive
why does down regulation occur
long term exposure to high hormone concentration
mech of steroid hormone action
1- disassociate from carrier protein
2 enter cell
3. bind to receptor in cytosol
4.translocates to nucleus
5. binds to dna in nucelus
6. turns into mrna
7. then make protein
8. protien effect cell activity
steroid hormone need what kind of receptor
two
homodimer
the hormones receptors are identical tho
mech of thyroid hormone action
1 get carried in the blood
2. diffuse into membrane
3. will turn into t3 and bind to another carrier in cyto
4. get carried to nucleus
5. binds to receptor and shit get transcribed n stuff
6. effect
t4 hormone vs t3
4 iodine molecules vx three iodine molecule
thyroid hormone receptor
two different ones- heterodimer
one will bind hormone other will bind something retinoic acid
mech of second messenger action cAMP
hormone binds receptor
g unit kick off and bind ot adenylate cylase
AC turns ATP into cAMP
cAMP kicks off protein kinase and shit gets active
mech of second messenger action phospholipase c-ca system
receptor binds
g protein get kicked off
g protein attaches to phsophilapse c kicks off IP3
IP3 binds to endoplas retic
endo retic releases calcium
tyrosine kinase system
a two receptor system that will bind insulin and phosporylate atp into adp
brings glucose into cells
what organs take up hormones
liver and kidney
metabolic clarence rate (MCR)
rate of hormone removal from blood plasma
half life
time to clear 50% of a substance
autophosphorlyation in tyrosine system occurs when
insulin binds
adenohypophysis
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
hypophyseal portal system
blood vessel connection to hypothalamus
what can travel thru portal system besides blood
releasing hormones and stuff yea
follicle stim hormone (FSH)
peptide
targets gonads
gonaotropic hormones from
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
FSH actions
action- stim secretion of ovarian estrogen from granulosia cells
develop ovarian follicules
sperm production from sustentacualr cells of testes
androgen binding protein
luteinizing hormones- LH
peptide
gonads
LH actions
stim ovulation
stim corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
in men- stim interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
thyroid stim hormone- tsh
peptide
target thyroid
tsh action
stim secretion of thyroid hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone- acth
peptide
target adrenal cortex
acth action
stim secretion of glucocorticoids
like cortosal
prolaction- prl
peptide
target mammary gland
prl action
stim mammary glands to make milk
for men- increases sensitivity to Lutenizing hormone
growth hormone- gh
peptide
targets liver bone cartilage, muscle, fat
gh action
stim mitosis, protein synthesis, cell differentiation
ant pituitary gland hormones include
growth
prolaction
adrenocorticotropic
lutienizing
follicle stim
tyroid
thyrotropin release hormone- trh
peptide
target anterior lobe of pituitary gland
trh action
stim release of TSH and prolactin
corticotropin releasing hormone- crh
peptide
targets anterior lobe of pit gland
crh action
stim release of ACTH
gonadotropin releasing hormone0 gnrh
peptide
target anterior lobe of pit
gnrh action
stim release of FSH and LH
growth hormone releasing hormone ghrh
peptide
target anterior lobe
ghrh action
stim release of GH
prolactin inhibiting hormone PIH
peptide
target anterior pit lobe
PIH action
inhinbit release of prolactin
somatostatin
peptide
target anterior pit lobe
somatostatin action
inhibits release of GH and TSH
neurohypophysis
posterior lobe of pit gland
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
neurons axon from the hypothalamus
neuroendocrine reflex
stim neurons will cause release of hormones
antidiuretic hormone- adh
peptide
target kidneys
ADH action
increase water retention by upping expression of aquaporins
causes vasoconstriction (increase blood pressure)
oxytocin
peptide
target uterus, glands, penis
oxytocin action
feeling sexual satisfaction/closeness
stim labor contractions
stim release of milk from BOOOOOBIEEES
melatonin
monoamine
target brain
melatonin action
circadian rhythms
timing of puberty
seasonal affective disorder
seasonal depression basically bc not enough light to inhibit secretion of melatonin
hella melatonin yea yea yea
thyroid hormone
class- monoamine
tagret- most tissues
thyroid hormone action
increase metabolism
increase appetites
increase alertness
increase heat
thyroid hormone produced and stored by
folicular cell
goiters are and what are they caused by
iodine defincientcy
enlarged thyriod
hypothyroidism symptoms
impaired growth
lethargy, more sleep
dry skin
no sweating
slow pulse
constipated
slow reflexes
depressed
low plasma t levels
hyperthyroidism symptoms
fast growth
decreased sleep
intolderence to heat
lotta sweat
fast pulse
hella shits
rapid reflexs
nervous
increased plasma levels
calcitonin
peptide
targets bone
thyroid gland hormones
calcitonin
thyroid
parathyroid hormone
peptide
targets kidneys, small intestines
Thymopoietin, Thymosin,
Thymulin
- Class - Peptide
- Target – T lymphocytes
aldosterone
- Class - Steroid
- Mineralocorticoid
- Target - Kidneys
cortisol
Class - Steroid
* Glucocorticoid
* Target – Most tissues
stage 1 of cortisol stuff
alarm
Prepares body for fight or flight
* Stored glycogen is consumed
* Increases aldosterone and angiotensin levels to raise blood pressure
stage 2 of
resistance
- Provide alternate fuels for metabolism
- Stage dominated by cortisol
- Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-
releasing hormone (CRH) - Pituitary secretes ACT
stage 3
exhaustion
homeostasis is overwhelmed
protein breakdown/ muscle wasting
water retention
hypertension
can lead to death
what promotes water retention and hypertension
aldosterone
androgen
- Class - Steroid
- Sex Steroid
- Target – Bone, muscle,
integument, brain
estradiol
- Class - Steroid
- Sex Steroid
- Target – Many tissues
testosterone
steroid
targets many tissues
inhibin
peptide
targets anterior lobe of pit gland
LH and FSH effect on testes
stimulate spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion
Testosterone and inhibin effect on hypothalamus
inhibit GnRH
Testosterone and inhibin effect on pituitary
inhibits LH and FSH
estradiol
steroid
targets many tissues
progesterone
steroid
targets uterus, mammary glands
glucagon
cell class target
alpha
peptide
targets the liver
insulin
cell- beta
peptide
targets most tissue
somatostatin
cells
class
target
delta
peptide
targets stomach intestines, pancreas
diabetes diagnosis criteria fasting and random
fasting glucose over 125
random over 200
diabetes diagnosis criteria 2 hour
bigger than 200 during an oral glucose tolerance test with
a loading dose of 75 gm
pre diabetic diagnosis
fasting, 2 hour, HbA1c
fasting glucsoe bn 100-125
140-199 durring oral glucose test
HbA1C bn 5.7 and 6.4
calcitonin action
increase calcium deposition
build osteoblast (build up)
decrease osteoclast (break down)
decrease blood calcium levels if too high?
what makes calcitonin
parafolicular cell of thyroid
parathyroid hormone action
raise blood calcium levels
decrease osteoblast activity (build up)
increase osteoblast activity (break down)
increased blood calcium neg feed bac what
parathyroid hormone, and thyroid in general
thymus hormone actions
thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin
development of t lympocytes
mineralocorticoids
regulate electrolyte balances
glucocotricoids
regulate metabolism of glucose and other feuls
sex steroids
reproductive system
adrenal cortex layers
3 layers
3 functions
hormones begin as what
cholesterol
zona glomerulosa will make
mineralocorticoids
zona fasciculata and zona reticularis will make
CORTISOL, ADROSTENEDIONE
glucorticoids
sex steroids
aldosterone action
up reabsportion of na/sodium
increase secretion of k/potassium
increase water retention
increase blood pressure
cortisol action
stim fat and protein catabolism
gluconeogenisis
adapt to stress
anti infalmmatory effects
t4 vs t3
t4 has iodine
low idoine leads to
low negatice feedback
goiters
no releaseing thyroid hormone
androgen action
stim libido
prenatal male development
estradiol action
important after menopause in females for bone density
regulate period and pregancy
tesosterone action
development of male repro system
stim lidio
sustain sperm production
inhibin action
supressing follicle stim hormone
regulate sperm production
progesterone action
regulates periods and pregnancy
prep mammary glands for lactation
glucagon cells, class, target
alpha
peptide
lvier
glucagon action
raise blood sugar
gluconeogenesis in the liver
stim fat catabolism
insulin cell class action
beta
peptide
most tissues
insulin action
decrease blood sugar
stim uptake of glucose
increase glycogen and triglyceride
somatostatin cell, class target
delta
peptide
stomach, intestines, pancresae
somatostatin action
regluate glucagon and insulin
regulate digestion and absorption
glut 4 is in
muscle and fat cells
diabetes type 1
autoimmune disease
beta cells destroyed
absolute deficiency
type 2 diabetes
resistance to insulin and some deficiency
most common
for the adults
type 1 treatments
insulin
type 2 treatment`
weightloss
los glycemia lowering oral meds
chronic diabetes complecations
cateracts
mini strokes
hypertension
kidney damage
pancrease ilet cell loss
tingling fingys
erythropoietin, EPO
peptide
bone marrow
erythropoietin, EPO action
stim red blood cell production
increase hematocrit
blood doping
atrail natriuretic peptide
peptide
kidney
atrail natriuretic peptide action
na excretion to lower bp
gastrin
peptide
stomach
gastrin
stim gastirc acid secretion
ghrelin
peptide
brain
ghrelin action
stim hunger
leptin
peptide
brain
leptin action
supress appetite
human chorionic gonadotropin target and action
ovary
stim corpus luteum
menstration
human chorionic somatomammotrpin target and action
mammary glands, material tissues
increase blood sugar
catabolism of fatty acids
synergistic effects
work together
FSH and testoerone
permissive effects
enhances responsiveness of second hormone
one before another
estrogen progesterone
antagonistic effects
opps
insulin and glucagon
