ch 10 Flashcards
machanorecpetors
touch, pressure
used in like feeling and hearing n stuff
chemoreceptors
dissolved chemicals
smell and taste
osmoreceptors
in toungue n shittttt
photoreceptors
light
phasic receptor
fast adapting when bind to stim, will adapt, and decrease firing
tonic receptor
slow adapting
phasic receptor will help us adapt
to change in condition
phasic receptor will help you
adjust and basically ignor the constant stim
tonic receptor example
pain
pain
noxious stimulation
discomfort caused by tissue injury
visceral pain
organ pain
diffuse, dull, hard to locate
deep somatic pain
arises from bones, joints, muscles, related structures
superficial somatic pain
from skin
referred pain
from convergence of nerual pathways in CNS
example of referred pain
heart attack pain in heart
appendix
how injured tissue stim pain fibers
injured tissues release chemicals to stim
bradykinin
most potent pain stimulus known
- Makes us aware of injury and activates cascade of
reactions that promote healing
* Histamine, prostaglandin, and serotonin also stimulate
nociceptors
endogenous opioids
internally made opium like substances
block pain receptors and stim pleasure
enkephalins
has 2 diff types
200X potency of morphine
type of endogenous opioid
Endorphins and dynorphins
- Larger analgesic neuropeptides
pain relieving endo opioids
vision controlled by what cranial nerve
II, optic
virtuous humor
jellow thingy that keeps all the shit in the eye together
iris
pigmented muscle, will constrict and dilate
lense
focus light on rentia
retina
photoreceptor cells, transmits info to brain
nervous tissure layer
optic disc
ermmmmmm blind spots and stuff
refraction
bending of light bc it travels at diff speeds in different mediums
what bends the light rays in the eye
lens
what type of axon causes pupils to dialate
postganglionic sympathetic cervical ganglion
what type of axon causes pupil dilation
parasympathetic from oculomotor nerve
Emmetropia—
Eyes are relaxed and
focused on an object more than 6 m away
Near response—
Adjustment to close-range
vision
accommodation of lens
accomidating lens when stuff is up close to see
cilliary mucle
hold lens in place
when relaxed, it stretches in place
what kind of glasses for myopia
concave
what knd of glasses for astigmastism
uneven lens
what kind of glasses for hyperopia
convex
hyepropia
far sighted
macula lutea
high density of cones n stuff
cones are for
color
rods are for
nightvision
are eye nerve cells at the back or front of eye
front
whats in rods
pigment molecule full of opsin
opsin
have retinal that converts cis to trans, called bleaching
rhodopsin
purple pigment that absorbs green light best (500 nm ish)
dissociation
changes perm in g protein
cones are what type of chrome?
trichromatic
short, med, long cones
Photopsin (iodopsin)
light-sensitive proteins in the retina that enable color vision and daytime sight
what color is long wavelength
red
what color is medium
green
what color is short
blue
Color blindness—
- Hereditary alteration or lack of photopsin
most common color blindess
red green
stuff wrong in m or L cone
might be sex linked gene
- The absence of M cones: *
deuteranopia
bad green
The absence of L cones:
protanopia
bad red
- The absence of S cones:
tritanopia
bad blue
photoreceptors
rods and cones
bipolar cells
Interneuron between
photoreceptors and ganglion cells
Ganglion cells
- Axons leave the eye at the optic disc to form the optic nerve
axon leave thru what cell in eye
optic nerve
when do photoreceptors release a neurotransmitter
in the light
dark current
Rhodopsin absorbs no light,
Rod release inhibitory cells
bipolar cells inhibited
no activity
hearing cranial nerve
VIII- vestibulocochlear
auricel
like the ear n stuff like the outside
inner ear parts
vestivualr apparatus
cochela
vestivualr apparatus
help us determine where we are in space
inner ear fluids
Endolymph and perilymph
endolymph potassium concentration
hi
how sound reaches us (5)
5.footplate of stapes
6.waves in perilymph on scala vestibuli
7.waves cross thru the scala media
8. basilar membrane undulates
9. haircells knock over
10. bends open k channels
11. k influx causes depolarization hair cells
12. hair releases glutamate to stim cochlear brnach of CN VIII
order of auditory ossicles vibration
malleus
incus
stapes
tympanic reflex
tenses tympanic membrane during loud sounds to reduce motion durring loud sounds
stapedius muscle
reduces the motion of the stapes
scala vestibuli and tampani is filled with
perilymph
basilar membrane contiains - cells that are
hair cells
stimulated by sound
higher pitches will stim what end of choclea
basalar end
lower pitch stim what end of the choclea
the distal end i think
far end
sterocilia
sensory cells in ear
bending cilia will open
k channels, allowing an influx of k cells leading to depolarization
sensory coding
where we perceive loudness v pitch
loudness
amplitude (height) of the wave
pitch
wave lenghts of pitch
long wv means lower
short means hi
baslar end
narrow and stiff
hi pitch
distal end
wider and flexible
low pitch
equilibrium nerve
VIII vestibular
static equilbirum
orientation of head when stationary
saccule
verticle equlib
utricel
horizontal equil
dynamic equil
moving
change in velocity
linear excel
straight line
angular acceleration
rotation
semicircular canal detects
rotational equilbrium
semicircular canal parts
anterior
posterior
lateral
vestibule
bruh idk
ampulle
widening in the semicircular duct
otolith
little rocks in the membrane that adds weight and moves with the sterocilia in the ear for balance
in saccule and uritcle
in ampllula of semicircular canals
has crista ampullaris which is a gellantonous cup thingy that depresses hairs with movement in endoplymph
glustation cn
vii facial
x vagus
xi glossopharyngeal
fungiform papilla
big asf
has taste buds
foliate papilla
had taste buds
filiform papilla
the most common
no taste byds
vallate papilla
big ahhh taste buds in back of tounge
salty taste buds
NA thru ion channel
sour taste
h. thru ion channel
sweet/umami taste
binds to membrane receptor
idk amino acids binds
bitter taste
membrane receptor
quinine binds
olfaction cn
i- olfactory
how we smell
smell molecule bind to receptor and g protien tweaks out to ermm yea
why is sense of smell diff
no thalamus is involved in this
seeing in light steps
rhodospin absorbs light
no inhibitory stuff secreted
bipolar cells release glutamate
signal to optic nerve
