Ch 8 Flashcards
Define Articulation
a joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate
Define Muscle origin
a muscle’s proximal attachment—the end of the muscle closest to the torso
Define Muscle insertion
Muscle insertion refers to a muscle’s distal attachment—the end of the muscle furthest away from the torso
Define Sagittal
of or in a plane parallel to the sagittal suture, especially that dividing the body into left and right halves
Define Frontal
anatomical plane that separates body between posterior(front) and anterior (back)
Define Tranverse
anatomical plane that separates the top half of the body form the bottom
Define Head
the upper portion of the body, consisting of the skull with its coverings and contents, including the lower jaw
Define Fossa
a shallow depression or hollow
Define Condyle
a rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone
Define Facet
A small, smooth, flat surface, as on a bone or tooth
Define Process
a projection from a structure. For example, the process of the mandible is the part of the lower jaw that projects forward
Explain how joints are classified
- the place of contact between bones, between bone & cartilage, or between bones & teeth.
- These structures are said to “articulate” with each other
- Arthrology: Study of joints
Describe the following structural classes of joint: Fibrous
bones held together by dense regular connective tissue
Describe the following structural classes of joint: Cartilaginous
bones held together by cartilage
Describe the following structural classes of joint: Synovial
bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity which is enclosed by a capsule and stabilized by ligaments
Describe the following functional classes of joint: Synarthrosis
an immobile joint
Describe the following functional classes of joint: Amphiarthrosis
a slightly mobile joint
Describe the following functional classes of joint: Diarthrosis
a freely mobile joint
Describe the general structure, location, and location of the following fibrous joint: Sutures
between bones of the skull;
Fibrous tissue ossifies & fuses in middle age so that an ossified suture = synostoses (closed suture)
Describe the general structure, location, and location of the following fibrous joint: Syndesmoses
bones joined by long strands of connective tissue (ligaments) such as between radius & ulna; amount of movement depends on the length of the fibers
Describe the general structure, location, and location of the following fibrous joint: Gomphoses
teeth within alveolar sockets of mandible & maxilla
Peg-in-socket joints; fibrous connection is in periodontal ligament
Describe the general structure, location, and function of the following cartilaginous joint: Synchondroses
immobile joints with bones joined by hyaline cartilage
Describe the general structure, location, and function of the following cartilaginous joint: Symphyses
slight mobility with a pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones
Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Synovial cavity
a physical space separating the two articulating bones filled with synovial fluid
Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Articular cartilage
lining the appositional surfaces of the articulating bones
Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Articular capsule
double layered capsule that surrounds (encloses) the entire joint
Identify the tissue and state the function of the Fibrous capsule layer of the Articular capsule
formed from dense irregular connective tissue
strengthens the joint
Identify the tissue and state the function of the Synovial membrane layer of the Articular capsule
-loose connective tissue
-secretes a viscous, oily fluid (synovial fluid) that has the following functions:
Lubricates the articular cartilages
Nourishes the articular cartilages
Acts as a shock absorber during compression of the joint
Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Synovial fluid
-A viscous fluid similar to raw egg white
A filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
Arises from capillaries in synovial membrane
Contains glycoprotein molecules secreted by fibroblasts
Lubricates and nourishes the articular cartilage
Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Reinforcing ligaments
-Ligaments connect one bone to another bone
-Ligaments strengthen and reinforce most synovial membranes
-Thickened part of the fibrous capsule
-3 Types of Ligaments:
extracapsular ligaments - located outside the capsule
intracapsular ligaments - located internal to the capsule
capsular – thickened part of fibrous layer
Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Nerves, blood vessels
Nerves detect painful stimuli when the joint is stretched to an excess
Monitor joint position and stretch
Blood vessels provide nourishment to the joint
Identify 4 other structural features (and their purposes) that may be found in a synovial joint
They are densely supplied with various types of blood vessels and nerves.
They possess a synovial fluid that lubricates the articulating bones during movement.
They have articular cartilage, which covers the surface of the articulating bones.
Posses synovial cavity, which encloses synovial fluid.
They have reinforcing ligaments that support the synovial joints
Have an articular capsule that protects the synovial joint.
List the 3 factors that contribute to the stability of synovial joints
shape of articular surface, number and positioning of ligaments, and muscle tone
Understand how joints respond to muscle contraction
Muscles work in pairs to act on a joint. As one muscle pulls the bone to cause movement, the other is able to pull the bone in the opposite direction. As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes.
Describe the 4 possible ranges of motion at synovial joints. Know how this applies to each type synovial joint
Nonaxial – slipping movements only
Uniaxial – bone moves in 1 plane/axis
Biaxial – bone moves in 2 planes/axes
Multiaxial – bone moves in more than 2 planes/axes
explain Gliding movement at synovial joints. Give examples
occur as relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other. They produce very little rotation or angular movement of the bones. The joints of the carpal and tarsal bones are examples of joints that produce gliding movement
explain Rotation movement at synovial joints. Give examples
This structure allows rotational movement, as the rounded bone moves around its own axis
movement of the head from side to side
explain Flexion vs. extension movement at synovial joints. Give examples
Extension is the straightening of limbs (increase in angle) at a joint. Flexion is bending the limbs (reduction of angle) at a joint
arm curl inwards flexion, relaxing outwards extension
explain Hyperextension movement at synovial joints. Give examples
excessive movement of a joint in one direction (straightening)
hyperextending your elbow
explain Abduction vs. adduction movement at synovial joints. Give examples
Abduction is the movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction is the movement toward the middle line of the body
raising arm away from body is abduction, making it come closer is adduction
explain Circumduction movement at synovial joints. Give examples
proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion.
arm circle exercises
Know Inversion vs. eversion movement and where it takes place
Eversion of the foot simply means to turn the sole of your foot outwards while the opposite is inversion, which is when you stand on the outside edge of your foot
Know Dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion movement and where it takes place
The upward flexion of the foot is called dorsiflexion. Plantar flexion is a foot movement in which the toes and foot flex toward the sole
Know Supination vs. pronation movement and where it takes place
When your palm or forearm faces up, it’s supinated. When your palm or forearm faces down, it’s pronated
Know Protraction vs. retraction movement and where it takes place
Protraction refers to protruding or sticking out. Retraction refers to bringing together / mandible
Know Elevation vs. depression movement and where it takes place
The upward movement of the scapula and shoulder is elevation, while a downward movement is depression
Know Opposition movement and where it takes place
the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger
Identify the 6 major categories of synovial joints
Plane Hinge Pivot Condylar Saddle Ball-in-socket
Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Planar
bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces. These joints allow for gliding movements, and so the joints are sometimes referred to as gliding joints. The range of motion is limited in these joints and does not involve rotation. Planar joints are found in the carpal bones in the hand and the tarsal bones of the foot, as well as between vertebrae
Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Hinge
the slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other bone. In this way, one bone moves while the other remains stationary, like the hinge of a door. The elbow is an example of a hinge joint. The knee is sometimes classified as a modified hinge joint
Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Pivot
consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone. This structure allows rotational movement, as the rounded bone moves around its own axis. An example of a pivot joint is the joint of the first and second vertebrae of the neck that allows the head to move back and forth (Figure 4). The joint of the wrist that allows the palm of the hand to be turned up and down is also a pivot joint
Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Condyloid
consist of an oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone (Figure 5). This is also sometimes called an ellipsoidal joint. This type of joint allows angular movement along two axes, as seen in the joints of the wrist and fingers, which can move both side to side and up and down
Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Saddle
the ends of each bone resemble a saddle, with concave and convex portions that fit together. Saddle joints allow angular movements similar to condyloid joints but with a greater range of motion. An example of a saddle joint is the thumb joint, which can move back and forth and up and down, but more freely than the wrist or fingers
Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Ball & socket
possess a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone. This organization allows the greatest range of motion, as all movement types are possible in all directions. Examples of ball-and-socket joints are the shoulder and hip joints
State the type of joint, articulating surfaces, movements and anatomical modifications that influence the stability of the Tibiofemoral; femoropatellar joint
Tibiofemoral-where the femur meets the tibia - hinge synovial joint
femoropatellar-where the back of your patella (kneecap) and femur (thigh bone) meet at the front of your knee - synovial gliding articulation
State the type of joint, articulating surfaces, movements and anatomical modifications that influence the stability of the Glenohumeral joint
Diarthrotic, ball-and-socket joint between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula.
Formed by the head of the humerus & the glenoid cavity of the scapula
State the type of joint, articulating surfaces, movements and anatomical modifications that influence the stability of the Humeroulnar joint
-Diarthrotic, hinge joint articulations between (1) humerus and ulna and (2) humerus and radius. It has the following structural
-characteristics:
Radial (lateral) collateral ligament
Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament
Anular ligament
State the type of joint, articulating surfaces, movements and anatomical modifications that influence the stability of the Coxal joint
-Diarthrotic, ball-and-socket joint between head of femur and acetabulum of the os coxae.
-It has the following structural characteristics:
Articular capsule
Retinacular fibers – stabilize the capsule
Iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ligament of head of femur – contains an artery that supplies head of femur
State the type of joint, articulating surfaces, movements and anatomical modifications that influence the stability of the Temporomandibular joint
-Diarthrotic, hinge joint between head (condyle) of mandible and temporal bone of skull.
-It possesses the following structural characteristics:
Articular capsule - provide for extensive range of motion
Articular disc – thick pad of fibrocartilage
Sphenomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament
Temporomandibular (lateral) ligament
Describe the joint injury: sprains
ligaments of a reinforcing joint are stretched or torn / resulting from wrenching or twisting a joint
Describe the joint injury: strains
injuries to a muscle or tendon, and are often caused by overuse, force, or stretching
Describe the joint injury: rotator cuff injury
- Rotator cuff injuries are most often caused by progressive wear and tear of the tendon tissue over time
- the rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, keeping the head of the upper arm bone firmly within the shallow socket of the shoulder. A rotator cuff injury can cause a dull ache in the shoulder that worsens at night.
Describe the joint injury: cartilage injuries
Due to compression and shear stress
Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
Cartilage rarely repairs itself
Repaired with arthroscopic surgery
Ligaments repaired, cartilage fragments removed with minimal tissue damage or scarring
Partial menisci removal renders joint less stable but still mobile; complete removal leads to osteoarthritis
Meniscal transplant in younger patients
Perhaps meniscus grown from own stem cells in future
Describe the joint injury: shoulder dislocations
an injury in which your upper arm bone pops out of the cup-shaped socket that’s part of your shoulder blade
Describe the joint injury: knee dislocations
the femur and tibia no longer connect at the knee joint. One of the bones has been forced backward or forward relative to the other bone
Describe the joint injury: jaw dislocations
when the lower part of the jaw moves out of its normal position
Describe Bursitis inflammatory conditions
a painful condition that affects the small, fluid-filled sacs — called bursae (bur-SEE) — that cushion the bones, tendons and muscles near your joints. Bursitis occurs when bursae become inflamed. The most common locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow and hip
Describe Tendonitis inflammatory conditions
inflammation or irritation of a tendon — the thick fibrous cords that attach muscle to bone. The condition causes pain and tenderness just outside a joint. While tendinitis can occur in any of your tendons, it’s most common around your shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees and heels
Know the difference between acute and chronic arthritis
-Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, involves the wearing away of the cartilage that caps the bones in your joints. ——-Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints. Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints
Know the symptoms and causative agents for Rheumatoid arthritis
-Signs and symptoms include joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problem
-RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint
Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues
Synovial fluid accumulates turns into joint swelling and inflamed synovial membrane which thickens turns into pannus that clings
to articular cartilage
Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis)
Know the symptoms and causative agents for Osteoarthritis
- Common, irreversible, degenerative (‘‘wear-and-tear’’) arthritis / May reflect excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage
- More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints / Exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement
Know the symptoms and causative agents for Gouty arthritis
- urate crystals accumulate in your joint, causing the inflammation and intense pain of a gout attack. Urate crystals can form when you have high levels of uric acid in your blood. Your body produces uric acid when it breaks down purines — substances that are found naturally in your body
- Symptoms of gout include severe pain, redness, and swelling in joints, often the big toe
Know the symptoms and causative agents for Lime disease
- Caused by three different types of bacteria transmitted by tick bites
- Symptoms: skin rash, flu-like symptoms, and foggy thinking / May lead to joint pain and arthritis
