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human A&P 1 > Ch 8 > Flashcards

Ch 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Articulation

A

a joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate

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2
Q

Define Muscle origin

A

a muscle’s proximal attachment—the end of the muscle closest to the torso

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3
Q

Define Muscle insertion

A

Muscle insertion refers to a muscle’s distal attachment—the end of the muscle furthest away from the torso

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4
Q

Define Sagittal

A

of or in a plane parallel to the sagittal suture, especially that dividing the body into left and right halves

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5
Q

Define Frontal

A

anatomical plane that separates body between posterior(front) and anterior (back)

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6
Q

Define Tranverse

A

anatomical plane that separates the top half of the body form the bottom

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7
Q

Define Head

A

the upper portion of the body, consisting of the skull with its coverings and contents, including the lower jaw

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8
Q

Define Fossa

A

a shallow depression or hollow

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9
Q

Define Condyle

A

a rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone

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10
Q

Define Facet

A

A small, smooth, flat surface, as on a bone or tooth

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11
Q

Define Process

A

a projection from a structure. For example, the process of the mandible is the part of the lower jaw that projects forward

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12
Q

Explain how joints are classified

A
  • the place of contact between bones, between bone & cartilage, or between bones & teeth.
  • These structures are said to “articulate” with each other
  • Arthrology: Study of joints
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13
Q

Describe the following structural classes of joint: Fibrous

A

bones held together by dense regular connective tissue

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14
Q

Describe the following structural classes of joint: Cartilaginous

A

bones held together by cartilage

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15
Q

Describe the following structural classes of joint: Synovial

A

bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity which is enclosed by a capsule and stabilized by ligaments

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16
Q

Describe the following functional classes of joint: Synarthrosis

A

an immobile joint

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17
Q

Describe the following functional classes of joint: Amphiarthrosis

A

a slightly mobile joint

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18
Q

Describe the following functional classes of joint: Diarthrosis

A

a freely mobile joint

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19
Q

Describe the general structure, location, and location of the following fibrous joint: Sutures

A

between bones of the skull;

Fibrous tissue ossifies & fuses in middle age so that an ossified suture = synostoses (closed suture)

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20
Q

Describe the general structure, location, and location of the following fibrous joint: Syndesmoses

A

bones joined by long strands of connective tissue (ligaments) such as between radius & ulna; amount of movement depends on the length of the fibers

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21
Q

Describe the general structure, location, and location of the following fibrous joint: Gomphoses

A

teeth within alveolar sockets of mandible & maxilla

Peg-in-socket joints; fibrous connection is in periodontal ligament

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22
Q

Describe the general structure, location, and function of the following cartilaginous joint: Synchondroses

A

immobile joints with bones joined by hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

Describe the general structure, location, and function of the following cartilaginous joint: Symphyses

A

slight mobility with a pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones

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24
Q

Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Synovial cavity

A

a physical space separating the two articulating bones filled with synovial fluid

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25
Q

Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Articular cartilage

A

lining the appositional surfaces of the articulating bones

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26
Q

Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Articular capsule

A

double layered capsule that surrounds (encloses) the entire joint

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27
Q

Identify the tissue and state the function of the Fibrous capsule layer of the Articular capsule

A

formed from dense irregular connective tissue

strengthens the joint

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28
Q

Identify the tissue and state the function of the Synovial membrane layer of the Articular capsule

A

-loose connective tissue
-secretes a viscous, oily fluid (synovial fluid) that has the following functions:
Lubricates the articular cartilages
Nourishes the articular cartilages
Acts as a shock absorber during compression of the joint

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29
Q

Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Synovial fluid

A

-A viscous fluid similar to raw egg white
A filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
Arises from capillaries in synovial membrane
Contains glycoprotein molecules secreted by fibroblasts
Lubricates and nourishes the articular cartilage
Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris

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30
Q

Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Reinforcing ligaments

A

-Ligaments connect one bone to another bone
-Ligaments strengthen and reinforce most synovial membranes
-Thickened part of the fibrous capsule
-3 Types of Ligaments:
extracapsular ligaments - located outside the capsule
intracapsular ligaments - located internal to the capsule
capsular – thickened part of fibrous layer

31
Q

Describe the following distinguishing features found in the synovial joint: Nerves, blood vessels

A

Nerves detect painful stimuli when the joint is stretched to an excess
Monitor joint position and stretch
Blood vessels provide nourishment to the joint

32
Q

Identify 4 other structural features (and their purposes) that may be found in a synovial joint

A

They are densely supplied with various types of blood vessels and nerves.
They possess a synovial fluid that lubricates the articulating bones during movement.
They have articular cartilage, which covers the surface of the articulating bones.
Posses synovial cavity, which encloses synovial fluid.
They have reinforcing ligaments that support the synovial joints
Have an articular capsule that protects the synovial joint.

33
Q

List the 3 factors that contribute to the stability of synovial joints

A

shape of articular surface, number and positioning of ligaments, and muscle tone

34
Q

Understand how joints respond to muscle contraction

A

Muscles work in pairs to act on a joint. As one muscle pulls the bone to cause movement, the other is able to pull the bone in the opposite direction. As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes.

35
Q

Describe the 4 possible ranges of motion at synovial joints. Know how this applies to each type synovial joint

A

Nonaxial – slipping movements only
Uniaxial – bone moves in 1 plane/axis
Biaxial – bone moves in 2 planes/axes
Multiaxial – bone moves in more than 2 planes/axes

36
Q

explain Gliding movement at synovial joints. Give examples

A

occur as relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other. They produce very little rotation or angular movement of the bones. The joints of the carpal and tarsal bones are examples of joints that produce gliding movement

37
Q

explain Rotation movement at synovial joints. Give examples

A

This structure allows rotational movement, as the rounded bone moves around its own axis
movement of the head from side to side

38
Q

explain Flexion vs. extension movement at synovial joints. Give examples

A

Extension is the straightening of limbs (increase in angle) at a joint. Flexion is bending the limbs (reduction of angle) at a joint
arm curl inwards flexion, relaxing outwards extension

39
Q

explain Hyperextension movement at synovial joints. Give examples

A

excessive movement of a joint in one direction (straightening)
hyperextending your elbow

40
Q

explain Abduction vs. adduction movement at synovial joints. Give examples

A

Abduction is the movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction is the movement toward the middle line of the body
raising arm away from body is abduction, making it come closer is adduction

41
Q

explain Circumduction movement at synovial joints. Give examples

A

proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal end makes a circular motion.
arm circle exercises

42
Q

Know Inversion vs. eversion movement and where it takes place

A

Eversion of the foot simply means to turn the sole of your foot outwards while the opposite is inversion, which is when you stand on the outside edge of your foot

43
Q

Know Dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion movement and where it takes place

A

The upward flexion of the foot is called dorsiflexion. Plantar flexion is a foot movement in which the toes and foot flex toward the sole

44
Q

Know Supination vs. pronation movement and where it takes place

A

When your palm or forearm faces up, it’s supinated. When your palm or forearm faces down, it’s pronated

45
Q

Know Protraction vs. retraction movement and where it takes place

A

Protraction refers to protruding or sticking out. Retraction refers to bringing together / mandible

46
Q

Know Elevation vs. depression movement and where it takes place

A

The upward movement of the scapula and shoulder is elevation, while a downward movement is depression

47
Q

Know Opposition movement and where it takes place

A

the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger

48
Q

Identify the 6 major categories of synovial joints

A 
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Saddle
Ball-in-socket
49
Q

Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Planar

A

bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces. These joints allow for gliding movements, and so the joints are sometimes referred to as gliding joints. The range of motion is limited in these joints and does not involve rotation. Planar joints are found in the carpal bones in the hand and the tarsal bones of the foot, as well as between vertebrae

50
Q

Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Hinge

A

the slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other bone. In this way, one bone moves while the other remains stationary, like the hinge of a door. The elbow is an example of a hinge joint. The knee is sometimes classified as a modified hinge joint

51
Q

Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Pivot

A

consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone. This structure allows rotational movement, as the rounded bone moves around its own axis. An example of a pivot joint is the joint of the first and second vertebrae of the neck that allows the head to move back and forth (Figure 4). The joint of the wrist that allows the palm of the hand to be turned up and down is also a pivot joint

52
Q

Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Condyloid

A

consist of an oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone (Figure 5). This is also sometimes called an ellipsoidal joint. This type of joint allows angular movement along two axes, as seen in the joints of the wrist and fingers, which can move both side to side and up and down

53
Q

Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Saddle

A

the ends of each bone resemble a saddle, with concave and convex portions that fit together. Saddle joints allow angular movements similar to condyloid joints but with a greater range of motion. An example of a saddle joint is the thumb joint, which can move back and forth and up and down, but more freely than the wrist or fingers

54
Q

Describe the structure, function, movements allowed, and recognize examples of Ball & socket

A

possess a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone. This organization allows the greatest range of motion, as all movement types are possible in all directions. Examples of ball-and-socket joints are the shoulder and hip joints

55
Q

State the type of joint, articulating surfaces, movements and anatomical modifications that influence the stability of the Tibiofemoral; femoropatellar joint

A

Tibiofemoral-where the femur meets the tibia - hinge synovial joint
femoropatellar-where the back of your patella (kneecap) and femur (thigh bone) meet at the front of your knee - synovial gliding articulation

56
Q

State the type of joint, articulating surfaces, movements and anatomical modifications that influence the stability of the Glenohumeral joint

A

Diarthrotic, ball-and-socket joint between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula.
Formed by the head of the humerus & the glenoid cavity of the scapula

57
Q

State the type of joint, articulating surfaces, movements and anatomical modifications that influence the stability of the Humeroulnar joint

A

-Diarthrotic, hinge joint articulations between (1) humerus and ulna and (2) humerus and radius. It has the following structural
-characteristics:
Radial (lateral) collateral ligament
Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament
Anular ligament

58
Q

State the type of joint, articulating surfaces, movements and anatomical modifications that influence the stability of the Coxal joint

A

-Diarthrotic, ball-and-socket joint between head of femur and acetabulum of the os coxae.
-It has the following structural characteristics:
Articular capsule
Retinacular fibers – stabilize the capsule
Iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ligament of head of femur – contains an artery that supplies head of femur

59
Q

State the type of joint, articulating surfaces, movements and anatomical modifications that influence the stability of the Temporomandibular joint

A

-Diarthrotic, hinge joint between head (condyle) of mandible and temporal bone of skull.
-It possesses the following structural characteristics:
Articular capsule - provide for extensive range of motion
Articular disc – thick pad of fibrocartilage
Sphenomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament
Temporomandibular (lateral) ligament

60
Q

Describe the joint injury: sprains

A

ligaments of a reinforcing joint are stretched or torn / resulting from wrenching or twisting a joint

61
Q

Describe the joint injury: strains

A

injuries to a muscle or tendon, and are often caused by overuse, force, or stretching

62
Q

Describe the joint injury: rotator cuff injury

A
  • Rotator cuff injuries are most often caused by progressive wear and tear of the tendon tissue over time
  • the rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, keeping the head of the upper arm bone firmly within the shallow socket of the shoulder. A rotator cuff injury can cause a dull ache in the shoulder that worsens at night.
63
Q

Describe the joint injury: cartilage injuries

A

Due to compression and shear stress
Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
Cartilage rarely repairs itself
Repaired with arthroscopic surgery
Ligaments repaired, cartilage fragments removed with minimal tissue damage or scarring
Partial menisci removal renders joint less stable but still mobile; complete removal leads to osteoarthritis
Meniscal transplant in younger patients
Perhaps meniscus grown from own stem cells in future

64
Q

Describe the joint injury: shoulder dislocations

A

an injury in which your upper arm bone pops out of the cup-shaped socket that’s part of your shoulder blade

65
Q

Describe the joint injury: knee dislocations

A

the femur and tibia no longer connect at the knee joint. One of the bones has been forced backward or forward relative to the other bone

66
Q

Describe the joint injury: jaw dislocations

A

when the lower part of the jaw moves out of its normal position

67
Q

Describe Bursitis inflammatory conditions

A

a painful condition that affects the small, fluid-filled sacs — called bursae (bur-SEE) — that cushion the bones, tendons and muscles near your joints. Bursitis occurs when bursae become inflamed. The most common locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow and hip

68
Q

Describe Tendonitis inflammatory conditions

A

inflammation or irritation of a tendon — the thick fibrous cords that attach muscle to bone. The condition causes pain and tenderness just outside a joint. While tendinitis can occur in any of your tendons, it’s most common around your shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees and heels

69
Q

Know the difference between acute and chronic arthritis

A

-Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, involves the wearing away of the cartilage that caps the bones in your joints. ——-Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints. Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints

70
Q

Know the symptoms and causative agents for Rheumatoid arthritis

A

-Signs and symptoms include joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problem
-RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint
Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues
Synovial fluid accumulates turns into joint swelling and inflamed synovial membrane which thickens turns into pannus that clings
to articular cartilage
Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis)

71
Q

Know the symptoms and causative agents for Osteoarthritis

A
  • Common, irreversible, degenerative (‘‘wear-and-tear’’) arthritis / May reflect excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage
  • More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints / Exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement
72
Q

Know the symptoms and causative agents for Gouty arthritis

A
  • urate crystals accumulate in your joint, causing the inflammation and intense pain of a gout attack. Urate crystals can form when you have high levels of uric acid in your blood. Your body produces uric acid when it breaks down purines — substances that are found naturally in your body
  • Symptoms of gout include severe pain, redness, and swelling in joints, often the big toe
73
Q

Know the symptoms and causative agents for Lime disease

A
  • Caused by three different types of bacteria transmitted by tick bites
  • Symptoms: skin rash, flu-like symptoms, and foggy thinking / May lead to joint pain and arthritis

human A&P 1 (10 decks)

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