Ch 5

Question 1

Define Keratinized

Answer 1

change or become changed into a form containing keratin

The word “keratinized” is used to describe cells that produce large amounts of a protein called keratin, making them strong and better at forming barriers

Question 2

Define Callus

Answer 2

a thickened area of skin that is the result of continued friction or pressure

bony and cartilaginous material forming a connecting bridge across a bone fracture during repair

Question 3

Define Tactile

Answer 3

of, relating to, or being the sense of touch

Question 4

Define Stratum

Answer 4

a layer of tissue

deep stratum of the skin

Question 5

Define Differentiation

Answer 5

the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions

Question 6

Define Vascular

Answer 6

relating to, affecting, or consisting of a vessel or vessels, especially those which carry blood

Question 7

Define Innervated

Answer 7

to supply with nerves

Question 8

Define Papilla

Answer 8

a small rounded protuberance on a part or organ of the body

Question 9

Define Fingerprints

Answer 9

a trait, trace, or characteristic revealing origin or responsibility

Question 10

Define Blister

Answer 10

a small bubble on the skin filled with serum and caused by friction, burning, or other damage / the fluid is the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels

Question 11

Define Freckle

Answer 11

any of the small brownish spots in the skin due to augmented melanin production that increase in number and intensity on exposure to sunlight

Question 12

Define Nevus

Answer 12

A benign (not cancer) growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes

Question 13

Define Appendage

Answer 13

an adjunct to something larger or more important

Question 14

Define Cell adhesion molecule

Answer 14

a subset of cell surface proteins that are involved in the binding of cells with other cells or with the extracellular matrix, in a process called cell adhesion

Question 15

Define Cell junctions

Answer 15

a class of cellular structures consisting of multiprotein complexes that provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix in animals. They also maintain the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control paracellular transport

Question 16

Define Merocrine

Answer 16

a term used to classify exocrine glands and their secretions in the study of histology. A cell is classified as merocrine if the secretions of that cell are excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and then onto a bodily surface or into the lumen

Question 17

Define Holocrine

Answer 17

producing or being a secretion resulting from lysis of secretory cells
ex. holocrine sebaceous glands

Question 18

Define Bactericidal

Answer 18

A bactericide or bacteriocide, sometimes abbreviated Bcidal, is a substance which kills bacteria

Question 19

Define Lipid soluble

Answer 19

The maximum concentration of a chemical that will dissolve in fatty substances, and that can disperse through the environment via uptake in living tissue.

Question 20

Define Excretion

Answer 20

the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter

Question 21

Define Metastasis

Answer 21

the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer

Question 22

Define Dimer

Answer 22

a compound formed by the union of two radicals or two molecules of a simpler compound

Question 23

Define Asymmetry

Answer 23

lack or absence of symmetry; dissimilarity in corresponding parts or organs on opposite sides of the body that are normally alike

Question 24

List the organs of the integumentary system and know the tissues. Know their organization

Answer 24

skin(Main), hair, nails, and exocrine glands(derivatives of main)

Question 25

What is subcutaneous tissue? Identify the tissue and state the functions

Answer 25

lies just deep in the skin / also known as hypodermis / the superficial to the tough connective tissue wrapping the skeletal muscles / not part of the skin / shares skin’s protective function

Question 26

Know the specific order of attachment of skin to muscles

Answer 26

Epidermis(top layer)
Dermis(Largest and middle area)
Hypodermis(Not skin and last layer)

Question 27

Describe the general characteristics of the epidermis and know its functions

Answer 27

• Comprised solely of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium / avascular / Consists of 4-6 layers (strata) of distinct cell types
• protect your body from harm, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites) and chemicals

Question 28

Identify the 4 cell types of the epidermis. Give their location and function

Answer 28

keratinocytes that produce keratin and make up 90 percent of epidermal cells
melanocytes that produce melanin
Langerhans cells that fight pathogens in the skin
Merkel cells that respond to light touch

Question 29

List and describe the 5 cell layers of epidermal keratinocytes beginning with the deepest layer. State the functions of each

Answer 29

Stratum Basale: Single layer of cells directly adjacent to the dermis populated by three cell types: Keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells
Stratum spinosum: several layers thick with spine like extensions of its keratinocytes
Stratum granulosum: one to 5 cell layers in which keratinocyte changes drastically, and the process of keratinization begins
Stratum lucidum (found only in thick skin): a thin transparent band just above the stratum grandulosum / consists of dead keratinocytes
Stratum corneum: (horny layer) 20-30 cell layers thick that accouts for 3/4 of the skin area / helps against abrasion, invading water, and penetration

Question 30

Describe key differences between thin skin and thick skin. Know the locations

Answer 30

The main difference is the thickness of the epidermis and dermis, which are the top two layers of skin.
Thin skin covers most of the body and can vary in thinness, with the thinnest skin covering the eyelids.
Thick skin is present on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands.

Question 31

Describe the general characteristics of the dermis to include tissue type, ECM, cells and function

Answer 31

Supports the epidermis / with Varied thickness
Thick, dense, fibro-elastic connective tissue / Collagen, reticular fibers / Flexible, strong
Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands
Contains sensory receptors
Cells: Fibroblasts, macrophages; occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
Contains epidermal hair follicles, oil and sweat glands
consist of two layers:
Papillary Layer
Reticular layer

Question 32

Describe the superficial layer of the dermis to include structure, tissue, dermal papillae & functions

Answer 32

the papillary layer: areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels / consists of Loose tissue / Delicate, thin collagen network / Elastic fibers are thread-like & irregular / Contains dermal papillae (peg-like projections) & dermal ridges / Contains blood vessels & nerve processes

Dermal papillae: Most contain capillary loops / Some contain Meissner’s corpuscles (touch receptors) / Some contain free nerve endings (pain receptors) / In thick skin lie atop dermal ridges that cause epidermal ridges / Collectively ridges called friction ridges / Enhance gripping ability / Contribute to sense of touch / Pattern is fingerprints

Question 33

Define friction ridges. Where are they found

Answer 33

The skin that is present along the lengths of the fingers, across the palmar surfaces of the hand, and on the soles of the feet. The skin contains raised ridges and recessed furrows that are used for gripping and other mechanical motions

Question 34

Describe the deeper layer of the dermis to include structures, tissue and functions

Answer 34

lies beneath the papillary layer / Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue / Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties / Collagen fibers - Provide strength and resiliency - Bind H2O/ Thick, irregular bundles of collagen & coarser elastic fibers / strengthens the skin, providing structure and elasticity. It also supports other components of the skin, such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

Important to know for surgical procedures since incisions made at right angles to these lines of cleavage will heal very slowly
Incisions made parallel to lines heal faster

Question 35

Identify 3 pigments and how they contribute to skin color. Include any protective functions

Answer 35

Melanin – reddish-yellow to brownish-black pigment produced by melanocytes, predominant in people more exposed to UV light; freckles and pigmented moles
Hemoglobin – pinkish hue skin color in light complexioned individuals
Carotene – a yellow-orange pigment, accumulates in stratum corneum & hypodermis

Question 36

Identify other alterations of skin color caused by disease or emotional states

Answer 36

Albinism: white hair, iris of eyes is pink; pale skin
Cyanosis: Blue skin color - low oxygenation of hemoglobin
Erythema (redness): Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy
Pallor (blanching): Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger
Jaundice (yellow cast): Liver disorder / skin and whites of eyes have a yellow appearance; due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood (bilirubin is by product of old red blood cells (i,.e. heme of RBCs).
Bronzing: Inadequate steroid hormones in Addison’s disease
Bruises: Clotted blood beneath skin

Question 37

Identify the appendages of the skin

Answer 37

sweat glands, nails, and the pilosebaceous unit of the skin, comprised of the hair shaft, hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and arrector pili muscle

Question 38

State the functions of hair

Answer 38

keep us warm
detect insects/bugs on body before they bite or sting us
scalp hair protects against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight
eyelashes shield eyes
nose hair filter large particles and keep bugs out of noses

Question 39

Describe the structure & components of a hair. Include hard keratin

Answer 39

Elongated filamentous structures composed of keratinized cells that project from the hair follicles / Hair that emerges from the follicle = hard keratin / Coloration is due to content & type of melanin / Derived from ectoderm & mesoderm

Question 40

Know how the hair shaft contributes to scalp hair texture

Answer 40

Protection: Protects scalp from sunburn & injury

Question 41

Identify the components of a hair follicle. State their function

Answer 41

Hair bulb: living cells divide and grow to build the hair shaft. Blood vessels nourish the cells in the hair bulb, and deliver hormones that modify hair growth and structure at different times of life
Hair root: As more cells are created, the hair grows out of the skin and reaches the surface. Sebaceous glands near the hair follicles produce oil, which nourishes the hair and skin
Hair shaft: (is the hair itself) mechanical protection for the skin, increases sensory function, and aids in regulating body temperature

Question 42

What is an arrector pili

Answer 42

This is a tiny muscle that attaches to the base of a hair follicle at one end and to dermal tissue on the other end. In order to generate heat when the body is cold, the arrector pili muscles contract all at once, causing the hair to “stand up straight” on the skin.

Question 43

Compare vellus hair & terminal hair. Know the locations

Answer 43

• unpigmented hair on arms and legs

- coarse, pigmented, and longer hair found all over head.

Question 44

Explain why eyebrow hair is not as long as scalp hair

Answer 44

While hair on the scalp usually stays in the anagen phase for 2 to 7 years (depending on various genetic factors), the hair of your eyebrows and eyelashes stay in that phase for a meager 30 days. Therefore, they don’t get as much time to grow and become as long as the hair on your head.

Question 45

Know the symptoms and causes of the following disorders associated with hair.
a. Alopecia

b. Alopecia areata
b. Male pattern baldness
c. Hirsutism

Answer 45

-true baldness / Genetically determined and sex-influenced condition / hiar matrix stops new hair growth by inhibiting cell diviison

patchy baldness

• Hair is lost in a well-defined pattern, beginning above both temples. Over time, the hairline recedes to form a characteristic “M” shape / caused by follicular response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone
• is stiff or dark body hair, appearing on the body where women don’t commonly have hair — primarily the face, chest, lower abdomen, inner thighs and back / androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair

Question 46

Describe the structure, locations, secretory product and functions of the sebaceous gland. Include stimulation

Answer 46

produce an oily secretion (sebum) that coats hair shafts and the surface of the epidermis / Lubricates hair and skin to prevent dryness, brittleness, and cracking / location is attached to each hair shaft

Question 47

Describe the following disorders and their causes. Know the associated gland.
a. Acne

b.  Seborrhea

Answer 47

Acne is caused by excess sebum blocking the glands - sebaceous glands

Seborrhea causes a red, itchy rash and white scales. When it affects the scalp, it is called “dandruff.” It can be on parts of the face as well, including the folds around the nose and behind the ears, the forehead, and the eyebrows and eyelids. It may be related to: A yeast (fungus) called malassezia that is in the oil secretion on the skin. An irregular response of the immune system

Question 48

Compare and contrast the sudoriferous glands. Include: structure, location, secretory products, and functions. Identify what stimulates these glands.
a. Eccrine sweat glands

b. Apocrine sweat glands
c. Ceruminous glands
d. Mammary glands

Answer 48

A) Simple coiled tubular glands that release their secretion onto the surface of the skin (pore is the opening) / Most numerous found mostly on palms of hands, soles of feet and forehead / functions: Thermoregulation, Secretion, and Protection / sympathetic nervous system stimulates the eccrine sweat glands

B) Simple coiled tubular glands / release their secretion into the hair follicles at the armpits (axillae), around the nipple (areola), in the groin (pubic) and anus (anal) / Secretion is viscous, cloudy and composed of proteins & lipids that support bacterial growth in the above regions; and pheromones for courtship rituals, maternal, and social behaviors, and to mark territory / Apocrine glands are stimulated by pain or sexual arousal

C) Modified sweat glands in the ear canal / Make earwax (Cermen) / Traps foreign particles / Lubricates the external auditory canal & eardrum

D) Mammary Glands / Modified apocrine glands / Secrete milk / luteotropic hormone (LTH) or luteotropin, a protein hormone produced by the pituitary gland of mammals that acts with other hormones to initiate secretion of milk by the mammary glands

Question 49

Describe the 6 functions of the integumentary system.
a. Protection – describe 3 types of barriers and their functions.
1.

	2.

	3.

b.  Temperature regulations – know two methods
	1.

	2.

	c.  Cutaneous sensations – identify the 5 receptors and their functions
		1.
		2.
		3.
		4.
		5.

d. Metabolic 
e. Blood reservoir
f. Excretion

Answer 49

A1)Chemical: defend against UV radiation / sebum and defensins kill bacteria
A2)Physical: Keratin and glycolipids block most water and water- soluble substances / Limited penetration of skin
A3)Biological: presents foreign antigens to white blood cells and absorbs UV radiation into DNA

B1)hydro-regulation
B2)Thermo-regulation

C1)touch
C2)pressure
C3)vibration
C4)temperature
C5)nociception/pain

D)the major region for vitamin D production

E)Contains up to 5% of body’s blood volume

F)Rids body of waste (urea), H2O, & salts via sweat

Question 50

What are risk factors for skin cancer

Answer 50

exposure to the UV radiation in sunlight and tanning beds

Question 51

Identify the cells of the following skin cancers and know the dangers:
a. Basal cell carcinoma

b. Squamous cell carcinoma
c. Melanoma

Answer 51

Basal cell carcinoma: Least malignant and most common / looks like a pink blister
Squamous cell carcinoma: Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum / looks like raw popped blister area
Melanoma: A cancer of melanocytes / The most dangerous type of skin cancer / looks like black burnt flesh

Question 52

Explain the ABCDE rule.
	A – 
	B – 
	C – 
	D – 
	E –

Answer 52

to help recognize melanoma cancer

• Asymmetry: the two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match
• Border irregularity: the borders of the lesion exhibit indentations
• Color: the pigmented spot contains several colors (Black, Brown, Tans, and sometimes Blues and Reds)
• Diameter: the spot is larger than 6mm in diameter (the size of a pencil eraser)
• Evolution: changes with time

Question 53

Identify the immediate results of a burn

Answer 53

Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals

Question 54

Identify the systemic effects of a severe burn that pose an immediate threat to life

Answer 54

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance / Leads to renal shutdown and circulatory shock

Question 55

Explain the rule of 9’s in assessing fluid loss from severe burns

Answer 55

the portion of body burned is put against the rule of 9, meaning certain parts of the body are worth certain percentages and if the full area is burned the full percentage is used. critical condition is reached when 25% is covered in 2nd degree burns; 10% if 3rd degree burns

Full head ad neck = 9%

Anterior and posterior upper limbs = 18%

Anterior and posterior trunk = 36%

anterior and posterior lower limbs = 36%

perineum = 1%

Question 56

Identify other major medical concerns associated with severe burns

Answer 56

Bacterial infection, which may lead to a bloodstream infection (sepsis)
Fluid loss, including low blood volume (hypovolemia)
Dangerously low body temperature (hypothermia)
Breathing problems from the intake of hot air or smoke

Question 57

Understand how burns are classified according to their severity & know an example of each:
First –

Second – 

Third –

Answer 57

• only upper epidermis is damaged / localized redness, edema, pain
• Epidermal & upper part of dermis is damaged / blisters appear / skin heals with little scarring
• consumes entire thickness of skin / burned area appears white, gray-white, cherry red, or blackened / Not painful (nerve ending destroyed or swollen) / Skin grafting usually necessary

Question 58

Know when a burn is critical

Answer 58

critical condition is reached when 25% is covered in 2nd degree burns; 10% if 3rd degree burns

Question 59

Define the following disorders of the skin & know their causes:

a. Keloid
b. Desmoid
c. Psoriasis
d. Rosacea
f. Albinism
g. Vitiligo
h. Fever blister
i. Impetigo
j. Porphyria

Answer 59

A) A thick raised scar. It can occur wherever you have a skin injury but usually forms on earlobes, shoulders, cheeks or the chest
B) A type of soft tissue tumor that forms in fibrous (connective) tissue, usually in the arms, legs, or abdomen. It may also occur in the head and neck
C) A condition in which skin cells build up and form scales and itchy, dry patches. Psoriasis is thought to be an immune system problem. Triggers include infections, stress, and cold. The most common symptom is a rash on the skin, but sometimes the rash involves the nails or joints
D) A condition that causes redness and often small, red, pus-filled bumps on the face.
F) A group of inherited disorders characterized by little or no melanin production. This condition increases the risk of skin cancer. Most people with albinism have pale skin, eye conditions, and are sensitive to the sun.
G) A disease that causes the loss of skin color in blotches. Vitiligo occurs when pigment-producing cells die or stop functioning. Loss of skin color can affect any part of the body, including the mouth, hair, and eyes. It may be more noticeable in people with darker skin.
H) Infection with the herpes simplex virus around the border of the lips. Oral herpes spreads through close personal contact, such as kissing. Oral herpes causes tiny, fluid-filled lesions called cold sores or fever blisters, which can recur.
I) A highly contagious skin infection that causes red sores on the face. Impetigo mainly affects infants and children. The main symptom is red sores that form around the nose and mouth. The sores rupture, ooze for a few days, then form a yellow-brown crust.
J) Disorders resulting from buildup of certain chemicals related to red blood cell proteins. Porphyria is a group of disorders caused by an overaccumulation of porphyrin which helps hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in the blood. Symptoms vary depending on the specific type. Acute porphyrias affect the nervous system and other organs. Cutaneous porphyrias primarily affect the skin.