Ch 6 Flashcards
Define Extracellular matrix
A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body
Define Axial
The word “Axial” is taken from the word “axis” and refers to the fact that the bones are located close to or along the central “axis” of the body
Define Appendicular
relating to a limb or limbs
Define Interstitial
situated within but not restricted to or characteristic of a particular organ or tissue —used especially of fibrous tissue. 2 : affecting the interstitial tissues of an organ or part interstitial hepatitis
Define Organic
An organic compound is a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen
Define Inorganic
An inorganic compound is a substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen
Define Mesenchyme
a loosely organized, mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue which develops into connective and skeletal tissues, including blood and lymph
Define Calcification
the hardening of tissue or other material by the deposition of or conversion into calcium carbonate or some other insoluble calcium compounds.
Define Brittle
hard but liable to break or shatter easily
Define Handedness
the most visible manifestation of laterality, a characteristic of the human brain that localizes certain functions to either the right or left hemisphere
Define Hyaline cartilage
a translucent bluish-white type of cartilage present in the joints, the respiratory tract, and the immature skeleton
Define Fibrocartilage
cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord
Give the following information about skeletal cartilage.
Characteristics –
Matrix – Cells –
Lacunae –
Perichondrium –
Consists primarily of water (60-80%) / Consists of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) / which are located in a space in the matrix called the lacuna (“cavity) / Has a lot of extracellular matrix / Resilient tissue / Skeletal cartilage contains no blood vessels or nerves / Is surrounded by the perichondrium (“around the cartilage”): Dense irregular connective tissue / Contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery
Know where to find the following cartilages in the skeletal system and state their functions:
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
A) Fetal skeleton / Near/around joints / Epiphyseal plate / Nose, trachea, larynx / Articular, costal, andrespiratory cartilage
Provides support, flexibility, and resilience / Contains only collagen fibers
B)Epiglottis / External ear (auditory canal) / provides strength, and elasticity, and maintains the shape of certain structure such as the external ear
C)Intervertebral discs / Menisci of the knee joint / Resists tensile (stretching) and compressional forces
Identify the two major regions of the skeleton, know the bones in each and state the general function
a.
b.
Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, rib cage(Torso minus waist bones)
Appendicular skeleton: Bones of upper and lower limbs / Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
Know the five categories of bone shapes and be able to classify any bone into the correct category.
a.
b. c. d. e.
long bones: These bones are longer than they are wide. Long bones are used for movement. Muscles pull on long bones and cause them to move. / Example: Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges and fibula
short bones: These are cube-like in appearance, being as long as they are wide. They provide limited gliding motion and primarily serve as shock absorbers. / Example: Carpals and tarsals
flat bones: These are thin bones that function to protect the tissues and organs of the body. Flat bones also provide a large area for the attachment of muscles and tendons. / Example: Skull/Cranium, which protects the brain, the Sternum, which protects the heart, and the Ribs, which protect the lungs.
irregular bones: These are irregular in shape. The many protrusions on an irregular bone serve to function as a site for muscle attachment. / Example: The Vertebrae
sesamoid bones: These are small bones that are usually embedded within tendons. They function to protect the tendon from friction as it rubs against bony surfaces. / Example: The Patella
Know the 6 functions of bone
a.
b. c. d. e. f.
support and protection movement hemopoiesis: blood cell production triglyceride (fat) storage storage of mineral and energy reserves hormone production (specifically osteocalcin)
Describe the two textures of bone tissue. Name their structural units.
a. Compact bone –
b. Spongy bone –
Compact: Dense outer layer; smooth and solid
Spongy (cancellous or trabecular): Honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact called trabeculae (“little beams”) (ex. vertebrae bones)
Describe the general structure of all short, irregular and flat bones. Include diploe
-Thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone
-Diploë: Internal spongy bone of flat bones
-Plates sandwiched between connective tissue membranes
Periosteum (outer layer)
Endosteum
-Contain bone marrow but no marrow cavity
-No shaft or epiphyses
-Hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces
Know the structures of a typical long bone and state their functions: Diaphysis- Medullary cavity- Yellow marrow – Epiphysis – Epiphyseal line – Epiphyseal plate – Periosteum – Fibrous layer – Osteogenic layer – Nutrient foramen – Sharpey’s fibers – Endosteum –
Diaphysis- shaft
Medullary cavity- hollow space in diaphysis containing yellow marrow
Yellow marrow – made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells
Epiphysis – knobby end
Epiphyseal line – the line marking the site of an epiphyseal plate that has has stopped growing and become ossified.
Epiphyseal plate – a thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses and metaphyses, and is where the growth of long bones takes place
Periosteum – external coving (irregular dense connective tissue)
Fibrous layer – the external layer of the articular capsule is attached to the whole circumference of the articular end of each bone entering into the joint, and thus entirely surrounds the articulation
Osteogenic layer – highly cellular containing progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts
Nutrient foramen – a small tunnel through the cortex of a long bone containing a nutrient artery which supplies the bone
Sharpey’s fibers – any of the thready processes of the periosteum that penetrate the tissue of the superficial lamellae of bones
Endosteum – internal covering
Where does Hematopoiesis occur in infants? In adults
In infants and children, it may also continue in the spleen and liver.
for adults it occurs primarily in bone marrow
