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human A&P 1 > Ch 3 > Flashcards

Ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cell

A

the smallest unit of life

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2
Q

Define Phospholipid

A

chief component of cell membranes / help transport lipids in blood / ha 2 fatty acid chains and 1 phosphate group with an attached nitrogen containing group

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3
Q

Define cholesterol

A

Stiffens membrane / Further decreases water solubility of membrane

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4
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

attracted to water

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5
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

avoid water

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6
Q

Define amphipathic

A

(of a molecule, especially a protein) having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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7
Q

Define semipermeable

A

determines which substances enter or exit the cell

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8
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

energy that is being used to move something

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9
Q

Define diffusion

A

the movement of molecules or ions from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration

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10
Q

Define gradient

A

movement from high to low concentration is also called movement down

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11
Q

Define polarized

A
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12
Q

Define voltage

A
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13
Q

Define receptor

A
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14
Q

Define polypeptide

A
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15
Q

Define globular

A
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16
Q

Define fibrous

A
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17
Q

Define denature

A
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18
Q

Define active site

A
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19
Q

Define intracellular

A
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20
Q

Define extracellular

A
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21
Q

Define lipid bilyaer

A
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22
Q

Define colloid

A
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23
Q

Define absorption

A
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24
Q

Describe the cell theory

A

the cell is the smallest unit of life
all organisms are made of one or more cells
cells only arise from other cells

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25
Q

List and describe the 3 major parts of a cell seen under the microscope

A
  • the plasma membrane; the outer boundary of the cell
  • the cytoplasm; the intracellular fluid packed with the organelles
  • the nucleus; an organelle that controls cellular activity
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26
Q

Define plasma membrane. State its function

A

the outer boundry of the cell; it acts as a permeable barrier that allows certain things in

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27
Q

Describe the structure of the fluid mosaic model

A

rows of phospholipids with some proteins and carbohydrates every now and then

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28
Q

Identify the 3 lipid components of the plasma membrane. State their function

A

phospholipids: form the structure of the membrane and keep water-soluble substances form coming in
enzymes: determines what functions the membrane can perform
carbohydrates: acts as identity molecules, allows cells to know ‘who is who’

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29
Q

Identify the protein populations of the plasma membrane

A

Integral proteins; firmly inserted into membrane

Peripheral proteins; not imbedded into lipid bilayer

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30
Q

Understand fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer

A
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31
Q

What is a lipid raft? State the importance

A
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32
Q

Describe the Glycocalyx and state it functions

A

fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate-rich area at the cell surface created by sugars of glycoproteins and glycolipids
it provides identity for the cell

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33
Q

Know the 6 functions of membrane proteins

A 
Transporters
receptors
enzymatic activity
cell-cell recognition
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
cell-to-cell joining
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34
Q

What are microvilli and where would you find them? State their function

A

Microvilli are thin finger-like membrane protrusions that are found on the surface of a wide variety of cell types

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35
Q

Identify the 3 types of membrane junctions and state their functions

A

tight junctions: prevent molecules from passing between cells
gap junctions: allows small molecules to pass from cell to cell
desmosomes: anchoring junctions / helps keep cells from tearing apart

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36
Q

Identify the substances surrounding cells. Know how it is produced and name the basic components

A
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37
Q

Define selective permeability. How does this affect the components of interstitial fluid

A
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38
Q

Describe the difference between Active and Passive forms of transport across the plasma membrane

A
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39
Q

Define the following:
a. Diffusion

b.  Concentration gradient
A

the movement of molecules or ions from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration

movement from high to low concentration is also called movement down

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40
Q

Identify 2 factors that influence the speed of diffusion

A

concentration
molecular size
temperature

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41
Q

Identify substances transported by simple diffusion

A

gases, steroid hormones, and fatty acids

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42
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion. Identify substances transported by facilitated diffusion

A

the transported substance either ‘binds to carrier proteins in the membrane and is ferried across’ or ‘moves through water-filled channel proteins’

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43
Q

How do the following proteins function in facilitated diffusion?
Carriers –

Channels -
A

transmembrane proteins that are specific for transporting certain polar molecules or classes of molecules, such as sugars and amino acids, that are too large to pass though membrane channels

transmembrane proteins that transport substance, usually ions or water, through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to the other

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44
Q

How is facilitate diffusion regulated

A
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45
Q

How is osmosis different from diffusion

A
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46
Q

Define the following:
a. Osmolarity

b. Tonicity
c. Isotonic
d. Hypertonic
e. Hypotonic
A
  • the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
  • the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells internal water volume
  • the same tonicity
  • a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell
  • a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell.
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47
Q

How is primary active transport different from facilitated diffusion

A

expends its own energy, and moves against the gradient current

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48
Q

Know the 6 steps involved in solute pumping

49
Q

Know the difference between primary and secondary active transport

50
Q

Know why 2 substances are transported in secondary active transport

51
Q

Define:
Symporter –

Antiporter –

52
Q

Define vesicle and state its importance in vesicular transport

53
Q

Define the following:

Endocytosis –

Transcytosis – 

Vesicular trafficking –
54
Q

What is a clathrin-coated vesicle

55
Q

What is an Endosome

56
Q

What are 3 possible fates of endosomal contents

57
Q

Identify the 3 types of endocytosis that use clathrin-coated vesicles and know examples of each

58
Q

How are non-clathrin-coated vesicles different from the above

59
Q

Define and describe Exocytosis

60
Q

What is the resting membrane potential? State the significance

61
Q

Identify the cation that establishes the membrane potential. Identify the 2nd cation and explain how the resting membrane potential is created

62
Q

How does an electrochemical gradient influence ion movement across the plasma membrane

63
Q

Identify the two families of glycoproteins that allow a cell to interact with its environment

64
Q

State the 5 functions of cell adhesion molecules(CAMS)

65
Q

How do membrane receptors function in contact signaling

66
Q

Name the 3 classes of ligands that bind membrane receptors and function in chemical signaling

67
Q

What is the basic response of all receptors after binding ligands

68
Q

Identify 2 functions carried out by membrane receptors

69
Q

How do G protein-linked receptors function in chemical signaling

70
Q

Identify two important second messengers

71
Q

What is nitric oxide and why is it considered a signaling molecule

72
Q

Identify the 3 major components of the cytoplasm and state the general function

73
Q

Know the structure and function of mitochondria

74
Q

Know the structure and function of ribosomes

75
Q

What determines the location of protein synthesis

76
Q

Identify the components of the Endomembrane system and their interactions

77
Q

Know the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

78
Q

Know the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

79
Q

Know the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

80
Q

Know the structure and function of the Lysosomes

81
Q

State the significance of Lysosomes in Tay-Sachs disease

82
Q

Describe the Peroxisome and state the functions

83
Q

What is the difference between a Lysosome and a Peroxisome

84
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton

85
Q

Describe the structure and functions of the following:
a. Microfilaments

b. Intermediate filaments
c. Microtubules, motor proteins
86
Q

Identify the following and state their functions
Centrisome

Centriole 

Cilia

Flagella
87
Q

What are microvilli and where would you find them? State their function

88
Q

Describe the nucleus and state the function

89
Q

Know an example of multinucleate cells

90
Q

Know an example of anucleate cells

91
Q

Know components of the nuclear envelope and their functions

92
Q

Describe formation of a nucleolus and state the function

93
Q

Know the difference between the following:
Chromatin

Chromatids, histones, nucleosomes

Chromosome
94
Q

What takes place during Interphase of a cell’s life cycle

95
Q

Identify the 3 sub-phases of Interphase and know the activities in each

96
Q

Describe the 7 events in DNA replication. Know the enzyme that synthesizes DNA

97
Q

Know the complementary base pairs of DNA

98
Q

State the two stages of cell division and their definitions

99
Q

Be able to describe the 4 phases of mitosis (fig 3.33)
Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase
100
Q

Identify 3 ways in which cell division is controlled

101
Q

Identify the two protein families that regulate completion of S phase

102
Q

Define:
Gene

Protein

Genetic code

Triplet

Codon

Anticodon
103
Q

Identify the 3 classes of RNA and state their function in protein synthesis

104
Q

Know the 2 major events of protein synthesis and where each step takes place

105
Q

Describe the importance of transcription factors

106
Q

Identify the enzyme that synthesizes primary mRNA

107
Q

Name the 3 phases of transcription

108
Q

Know why primary mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus

109
Q

Understand how the genetic code controls the sequence of amino acids in the forming polypeptide

110
Q

State why the structure of tRNA allows dual functions

111
Q

Know the structure of a ribosome and how it promotes building the polypeptide chain

112
Q

State the sequence events in translation

113
Q

Be able to interpret the genetic code

114
Q

Understand the purpose of autophagy

A

it allows cells to dispose of clumps of unneeded proteins and other cytoplasmic organelles
in times of stress, particularly starvation, it allows to cannibalize parts of themselves in order to survive
it helps restructure cells during development

115
Q

Know why some proteins must be destroyed. Include the following

a. Ubiquitins
b. Proteasomes

A

misfolded, damaged, or unneeded proteins are marked for destruction by a ubiquitin protein attaches it self to it, the tagged proteins are then hydrolyzed by proteasomes, giant ‘waste disposal’ complexes.

this is essential during times of starvation to provide amino acids for synthesis

116
Q

Describe how an embryonic stem cell differentiates

A

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells that differentiate as a result of signaling mechanisms. These are tightly controlled by most growth factors, cytokines and epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling

117
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

accelerated growth

118
Q

What is the purpose of apoptosis

A

to rid the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span

human A&P 1 (10 decks)

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