Ch 1 Flashcards
List and describe the subdisciplines of anatomy.
-Gross/macroscopic(Regional, systemic, and surface anatomy) - -Microscopic (Cytology and Histology) - -Developmental(embryology) -
List and describe the subdisciplines of physiology
-Renal or Cardiovascular physiology - -Pathophysiology - -Comparative physiology -
Describe the relationship between structure and function (Complementarity).
- Functions always reflect structure
- what a structure can do depends on its specific form
- structure and function are not mutually exclusive rather they balance one another to maintain homeostasis within a defined hierarchy
List the 6 levels oforganization within the body. Give thecharacteristics and examples of each level.
- chemical
- atoms, molecules, and organelles
- cellular
- cells
- tissue
- groups of similar cells
- organ
- contains two or more types of tissues
- organ system
- organs that work closely together
- Organismal
- all organ systems
List the 11 organ systems of the body, the components, and the functions of each
-Integumentary system
-Nails, skin, and hair
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-Skeletal system
-Bones and joints
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-Muscular system
-Skeletal muscles
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-Nervous system
-Brain, nerves, and spinal cord
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-Endocrine system
-Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, and ovary
-the glands that secrete hormones’ that regulate processes for growth, reproduction and nutrient use by body cells
-Cardiovascular system
-Heart and blood vessels
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-Lymphatic system/immunity
-Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes
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-Respiratory system
-Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and lung
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-Digestive system
-Oral cavity, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, and Anus
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-Urinary system
-Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
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-Reproductive system(Male/female)
-(Male) Prostate gland, Penis, Testis, Scrotum, and Ductus deferens
-(Female) Mammary glands, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina, and Uterine tube
-Overall function is production of offspring.(except mammary glands which are used to produce milk for offspring.)
List and describe the 8 basic body functions necessary to maintain life
- Maintaining boundaries: Plasma membranes and skin
- Movement (contractility): of body parts: skeletal muscle / of substances: cardiac and smooth
- Responsiveness: ability to sense and respond to stimuli / withdrawal reflex / control of breathing rate
- Digestion: breakdown of ingested foodstuffs / absorption of simple molecules into blood
- Metabolism: all chemical reactions that occur in body cells / catabolism and anabolism
- Excretion: removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion / urea, carbon dioxide, and feces
- Reproduction: cellular division for growth or repair / production of offspring
- Growth: increase in size of a body part or of organism
List and describe 5survival needs necessary to maintain life
- Nutrients: Chemicals, food, or substances for energy and cell building / includes carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and fiber
- Oxygen: essential for energy release(ATP production)
- Water: most abundant chemical in body / environment of chemical reactions / fluid base for secretions and excretions
- Normal body temperature: 37 C or 98.6 F / affects rate of chemical reactions
- Appropriate atmospheric pressure: for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
Identify the internal environment and state how it is created and maintained.
- Homeostasis helps maintain a relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes
- intrinsic (within organ) and extrinsic (outside organ) factors regulate organ systems for homeostasis
- communication for this is done by the nervous and endocrine systems by nerve impulses and hormones
Identify the 3 components of any homeostatic control mechanism.
- Receptor (sensor): monitors environment / responds to stimuli
- Control center: Determines set point at which variable is maintained / Receives input from receptor / determines appropriate response
- Effector: receives output from control center / provides the means to respond / response either reduces(negative feedback)) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback)
Differentiate between a negative feedback mechanism and a positive feedback mechanism. Give examples of each.
- Negative feedback: regulation of blood glucose by insulin. (body senses increased blood glucose. pancreas secretes insulin into the blood. insulin causes body cells to absorb more glucose, which decreases blood glucose levels)(regulating body temperature)
- Positive feedback: Adrenalin (body senses need for a boost. body increases adrenalin creation.)(blood clotting)
Describe the anatomical position and state its significance.
the body is erect, with the feet slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.
Be able to identify the regional terms used to designate specific body areas
- Major regional divisions
- Axial: Head, neck, and trunk
- Appendicular: limbs (upper and lower)
- Front: Anterior/Ventral
- Back: Posterior/Dorsal
- lesser regional divisions
- Cephalic(head): Frontal, Orbital, Nasal, Oral, Mental, Otic, and Occipital (back of the head)
- Cervical(throat)
- Thoracic(thorax)(chest): Sternal, Axillary, Mammary
- Abdominal(Abdomen): Umbilical
- Pelvic(waist): Inguinal(groin)
- Pubic(genital area)
- Upper limb(shoulder to wrist): Acromial, brachial(arm), Antecubital(inner elbow), olecranal(back of elbow), Antebrachial(forearm), and carpal(wrist)
- Manus(hand): Pollex, Palmar, metacarpal, and digital
- Lower limb(thigh to ankle): Coxal(hip), Femoral (thigh), Patellar(inner knee), politeal(back of knee), Crural(leg), Sural(calf), and Fibular or peroneal
- Pedal (foot): Tarsal(ankle), Metatarsal, Calcaneal, plantar, digital, hallux
- Back (dorsal): Scapular, vertebral, lumbar, sacral, gluteal, perineal(between anus and gentailia)
Define Superior
toward the head end or upper part of the structure or the body; body
Define Inferior
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Define Posterior (dorsal)
toward or at the back of the body; behind
Define Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Define Medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Define Lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Define Proximal
oser to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Define Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Define Superficial
toward or at the body surface
Define Deep (in anatomy)
away from the body surface; more internal
List and define the anatomical planes used to divide the body
three major anatomical planes
-Coronal(frontal):cut back from front
-Transverse (horizontal): cut top from bottom
-Sagittal(midline): cut left from right in direct middle of body
4th minor plane
-Oblique plane: cut at angles(different from 90 degrees)
Describe the two major (general) body cavities.
- Dorsal: holds brain and spinal cord
- Ventral: holds organs from chest and abdomen
List the 2 specific cavities for the dorsal body cavity & name the organs for each.
- Cranial cavity: holds brain
- Vertebral cavity: contains spinal cord
List the 2 specific cavities of the ventral body cavity. How are they separated?
- Thoracic cavity: Holds chest organs
- Abdominopelvic cavity: holds digestive organs and pelvic organs
- they are seperated by the disphragm
List the 3 most specific cavities of the thoracic cavity and tell which organs are in each.
- Pleural cavity: each surrounds a lung
- Mediastinum: Contains pericardial cavity and surrounds thoracic organs
- Pericardial cavity: Encloses heart
List the 2 most specific cavities of the abdominopelvic cavity and tell which organs are in each.
- Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
- Pelvic cavity: contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
What is the Serosa? State the functions.
- Thin, double-layered membranes
- forms a barrier and helps reduce friction from the constant movement from the organs
Define parietal serosa
-lines internal body cavity walls(internal surface of the body wall)
Define visceral serosa
-Covers internal organs (viscera) (covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity)
Identify the Serosa associated with the lungs
the Pleurae serosa
identify the Serosa associated with the heart
the Pericardium serosa
Identify the Serosa associated with organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
the Peritoneum serosa
Know the locations and names of the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity. List the major organs of each.
- right hypochondriac region: Liver and gall bladder
- epigastric region: stomach and diaphragm
- left hypochondriac region: spleen
- right lumbar region: ascending colon of large intestine
- umbilical region: small intestine and transverse colon of large intestine
- left lumbar region: descending colon of large intestine
- right iliac(inguinal) region: cecum and appendix
- hypogastric (pubic) region: urinary bladder
- Left iliac (inguinal) region: Initial part of sigmoid colon
Describe the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity and list the major organs of each.
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ): liver and gallbladder
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ): diaphragm, spleen, stomach, and transverse colon of large intestine
- Right lower quadrant (RLQ): Ascending colon of large intestine, cecum, appendix
- Left lower quadrant (LLQ): Descending colon of large intestine, initial part of sigmoid colon, and urinary bladder
Define Anatomy
the study of the structure of body parts ad their relationship to one another
Define Physiology
the study of the function of the body
Define Cytology
the study of the cells of the body
Define Histology
he study of tissues in the body
Define Palpation
feeling organs with your hand
Define Auscultation
listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
Define Intracellular
inside cells
Define Extracellular
outside cells
Define Interstitial
surrounds and bathes cells
Define Catabolism
the breaking down of substances into simpler building blocks
Define Anabolism
the synthesizing of more complex substances form simpler building blocks
Define Cellular Respiration
using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP(the energy rich molecules that power cellular activates
Define Stimulus
anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change
Define Variable
the factor or event being regulated
Define Afferent Pathway
a pathway from the recptor to the control center with information about a stimulus affection the body
Define Efferent Pathway
a pathway from the control center to the effector with information to deal with the stimulus
Define Feed Back (A&P)
information sent to the effector on how to deal with the stimulus
Define Cascade
to fall, A sequence of successive activation reactions involving enzymes (enzyme cascade) or hormones (hormone cascade) characterized by a series of amplifications of an initial stimulus
Define Plane (A&P)
the flat surface in which anatomy does its cuts
Define Section (A&P)
a chunk of the body
Define Pleurisy
inflammation of the pleurae
Define Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
