CH 7 Terms Human Movement Science Flashcards
Human Movement System (HMS)
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.
Kinetic Chain
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.
Regional Interdependence Model
The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.
Biomechanics
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
Kinesiology
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.
Anatomic Position
The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. It is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature.
Medial
Relatively closer to the midline of the body.
Lateral
Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body.
Contralateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the body.
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body.
Anterior
Positioned on or toward the front of the body.
Posterior
Positioned on or toward the back of the body.
Proximal
Positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point.
Distal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body or other identified reference point.
Inferior
Positioned below an identified reference point.
Superior
Positioned above an identified reference point.
Biomehcanics
The scientific principles of physics to study how the body creates movement at the joints.
Osteokinematics
Movement of a limb that is visible.
Arthrokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of 3 major types: roll, slide, and spin.
Sagittal Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Flexion
A bending movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments decreases.
Extension
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments decreases.
Hyperextension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.
Dorsiflexion
Flexion occurring at the angle.
Plantar Flexion
Extension occurring at the angle. Pointing the foot downwards.
Frontal Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side-to-side motions.
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.
Adduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
Lateral Flexion
Bending of the spine from side to side.
Eversion
A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward.
Inversion
A movement in which inferior calcaneus (heel bone moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.
Transverse Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
Internal Rotation
Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body.
External Rotation
Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body.
Horizontal Abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
Horizontal Adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
Radioulnar Pronation
Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.
Radioulnar Supination
Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position.
Pronation of the Foot
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction.
Supination of the Foot
Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production.
Gait
Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting.
Scapular Retraction
Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
Scapular Protraction
Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
Scapular Depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae.
Scapular Elevation
Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.
Elasticity
The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched.
Ligament
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.
Flexibility
The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint.
Hypermobility
A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at the joint.
Hypomobility
When range of motion at a joint is limited.
Eccentric Muscle Action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lenghening.
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.
Concentric Muscle Action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle.
Isometric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
Core
The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint.
Muscle Action Spectrum
The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement.
Isotonic
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.
Isometric
Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.
Isokinetic
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted.
It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.
Eccentric Muscle Action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.
Concentric Muscle Action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle.
Isometric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
Core
The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint.
Muscle Action Spectrum
The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement.
