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NASM > CH 10 Supplementation (Terms) > Flashcards

CH 10 Supplementation (Terms) Flashcards

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1
Q

Dietary supplement

A

A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: vitamin; mineral; herb or other botanical; amino acid; substance used by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake; or concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any previously described ingredient.

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2
Q

Essential nutrient

A

Must be obtained in the diet, as the body is incapable of producing the nutrient on its own.

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3
Q

Toxicity

A

When too much of a vitamin or mineral accumulates within the body, resulting in illness or other symptoms.

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4
Q

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994

A

The primary legislation of the U.S. government regulating dietary supplements.

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5
Q

Code of Federal Regulations

A

Describes the laws and regulations for dietary supplements, including how supplements are labeled, manufactured, and brought to or removed from market.

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6
Q

Tolerable upper limit

A

The greatest quantity of a vitamin or mineral that may be consumed in a day without risk of an adverse health effect.

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7
Q

Adverse effect

A

Any unfavorable medical occurrence associated with the use of a medication, medical intervention, or dietary supplement.

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8
Q

Stimulant

A

An agent that increases physiologic or metabolic activity. Common stimulants include caffeine and nicotine.

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9
Q

Creatine

A

Molecule made from amino acids and used as a dietary supplement to facilitate adenosine triphosphate regeneration for improved training capacity, strength, power, and muscle mass.

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10
Q

Banned

A

A dietary supplement that may be prohibited from use in a specific sport or sport league. These supplements may not be illegal or prohibited at all times during the year.

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11
Q

Anabolic steroid

A

Compound made from testosterone or another hormone that acts on hormone receptors to produce increases in muscle size or strength.

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12
Q

Active ingredient

A

Any component of a dietary supplement included for the purpose of causing a physiologic effect; displayed on the main body of the supplement facts panel.

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13
Q

Other ingredient

A

Any component of a dietary supplement included for taste, bulk, or as a preservative; displayed beneath the main body of the supplement facts panel.

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14
Q

Supplement facts panel

A

Portion of a dietary supplement’s label that displays the active ingredients, other ingredients, serving size, number of servings, quantity of ingredients, and the percent daily value.

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15
Q

Daily value (DV)

A

Amount of a nutrient recommended to be consumed each day to maintain good health. Based on a 2,000-calorie diet for those ages 4 years and older.

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16
Q

Health supplement

A

A dietary supplement used to improve a component of well-being.

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17
Q

Performance supplement

A

A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; may also be referred to as an ergogenic aid.

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18
Q

Vitamins

A

Group of organic compounds required in small quantities in the diet to support growth and metabolic processes.

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19
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic, natural substances, some of which are essential in human nutrition. There are two kinds of minerals: major minerals (aka, macrominerals) and trace minerals.

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20
Q

Biologically active

A

The form in which a vitamin must be to exert an effect within the body.

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21
Q

Biologically inactive

A

Any form of vitamin that cannot exert its effect within the body.

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22
Q

Beta-carotene

A

The red-orange pigment found in vegetables and fruits that is converted to vitamin A in the body.

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23
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

A sensitivity to lactose (milk sugar) typically resulting in gastrointestinal distress.

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24
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome

A

Gastrointestinal discomfort, sometimes severe, triggered by certain foods but is not a food allergy.

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25
Q

Rickets

A

A bone weakness disease caused by vitamin D deficiency.

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26
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.

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27
Q

Heart arrhythmias

A

Irregular heartbeat.

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28
Q

Platelet aggregation

A

An accumulation of blood cells prior to a clot.

29
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

A weakened immune system.

30
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

Nerve damage not occurring in the brain or spinal cord.

31
Q

Collagen

A

A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.

32
Q

Scurvy

A

A disease resulting from insufficient vitamin C and characterized by spontaneous bleeding (usually of the gums), anemia, swelling, weakened joints, and loss of teeth.

33
Q

Beriberi

A

A thiamine deficiency that can result in inflammation or degeneration of the heart and nerves, peripheral neuropathy, and impaired motor function.

34
Q

Pellagra

A

A niacin or tryptophan deficiency that leads to a skin rash (dermatitis), digestive disorders (diarrhea), and mood or cognitive decline (dementia).

35
Q

Anorexia

A

A loss of appetite or the conscious decision to avoid eating, often leading to dangerously low body weight and/or malnourishment.

36
Q

Anemia

A

A condition of poor iron status.

37
Q

Dermatitis

A

Inflammation of the skin, rashes, excessive dryness, and/or blistering.

38
Q

Spina bifida

A

A birth defect, and type of neural tube defect, when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly.

39
Q

Amenorrheic

A

Absence of menstruation.

40
Q

Osteopenia

A

Lower than normal bone density and a precursor to osteoporosis.

41
Q

Lacto-ovo vegetarian

A

A vegetarian diet that also includes dairy and eggs.

42
Q

Ovo-vegetarian

A

A vegetarian diet that also includes eggs.

43
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Excess blood calcium levels.

44
Q

Heme

A

A type of iron found in animal foods.

45
Q

Nonheme

A

A type of iron found in plant foods.

46
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

A disease in which the body absorbs too much iron from consumed foods.

47
Q

Omega-3

A

The polyunsaturated fats, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).

48
Q

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

A

A type of omega-3 fatty acid found in the flesh of cold-water fish, such as tuna, mackerel, salmon, and herring.

49
Q

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

A

A type of omega-3 fatty acid that is found in seafood, such as fish and fish oils.

50
Q

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

A

One type of omega-3 fatty acid found in seeds and oils, such as walnuts and flaxseed, and many common vegetable oils.

51
Q

Triglycerides

A

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

52
Q

Ergogenic aid

A

A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; it may also be referred to as a performance supplement.

53
Q

Amino acids

A

Organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group.

54
Q

Nonessential amino acids

A

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet.

55
Q

Essential amino acid (EAA)

A

Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids.

56
Q

Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)

A

The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branchlike structures.

57
Q

Muscle protein synthesis (MPS)

A

Process by which new muscle proteins are formed and a muscle grows or repairs at the molecular level.

58
Q

Phosphagen

A

High-energy molecule that releases energy when its bonds are broken.

59
Q

Creatine monohydrate

A

The most common, and likely most effective, form of creatine available as a dietary supplement.

60
Q

Loading

A

Practice of using large doses of a supplement to saturate muscle tissues or other body stores prior to resorting to a lesser, maintenance dose.

61
Q

Endogenous

A

Produced or synthesized within an organism.

62
Q

Adrenaline

A

Hormone, also known as epinephrine, that excites bodily processes, increasing alertness and cell metabolism.

63
Q

Caffeine anhydrous

A

A highly concentrated caffeine powder made from the seeds and leaves of coffee plants.

64
Q

DMAA

A

Dimethylamylamine; a stimulant and amphetamine once legal for use as a dietary supplement.

65
Q

Ephedra

A

A plant-sourced alkaloid with metabolism-enhancing effects. It is an illegal supplement in the United States and the European Union.

66
Q

Serious adverse effect

A

Any adverse effect that results in any life-threatening situation, inpatient hospitalization, persistent incapacity of a person’s ability to conduct a normal life, a congenital anomaly, reproductive harm, or death.

67
Q

Hormone precursor

A

A hormone used to create another hormone or hormone-like agent.

68
Q

Testosterone

A

A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics.

69
Q

Gynecomastia

A

A condition in males characterized by breast tissue growth.

NASM (13 decks)

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