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Psych/Soc Correct Deck > Ch. 7: Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Ch. 7: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

defn: psychological disorders

A

characteristic sets of thoughts, feelings, or actions that cause noticeable distress to the suffer, are considered deviant by the individual’s culture, or cause maladaptive functioning in society

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2
Q

defn: maladaptive

A

some aspect of the individual’s behavior negatively impacts others or leads to self-defeating outcomes

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3
Q

defn: biomedical approach to psychological disorders

A

therapy emphasizes interventions that rally around symptom reduction

assumes that any disorder has roots in biomedical disturbances

narrow

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4
Q

defn: biopsychosocial approach to pscyhological disorders

A

broader

assumes that there are biological, pscyhological, and social components to an individual’s disorder

biological: something in the body/genetics
psychological: stems from thoughts, emotions, or behaviors
social: results from the individual’s surroundings and can include issues of perceived class, discrimination, stigmaziation

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5
Q

defn: direct vs. indirect therapy

A

direct therapy = treatment acts directly on the individual (medication, periodic meetings with a psychologist)

indirect therapy = aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual

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6
Q

defn: DSM-5

A

a manual of many known psychological disorders

based on descriptions of symptoms

20 diagnostic classes of mental disorders

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7
Q

what symptoms must an individual present with 1+ to have a PSYCHOTIC DISORDER?

A
  1. delusions
  2. hallucinations
  3. disorganized thought
  4. disorganized behavior
  5. catatonia
  6. negative symptoms
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8
Q

defn: positive symptoms

A

behaviors, thoughts, feelings added to normal behavior in psychotic individuals

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized/catatonic behavior

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9
Q

defn: negative symptoms

A

the absence of normal or desired behavior (disturbance of affect and avolition) in psychotic individuals

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10
Q

defn: delusions

A

false beliefs discordant with reality & not shared by others in the same culture

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11
Q

defn: delusions of reference

A

the belief that common elements in the environment are directed at the individual

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12
Q

defn: delusions of persecution

A

the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened

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13
Q

defn: delusions of grandeur

A

the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way (inventor, historical figure, religious icon)

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14
Q

defn: thought broadcasting

A

the belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world

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15
Q

defn: thought withdrawal

A

the belief that thoughts are being removed from one’s head

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16
Q

defn: thought insertion

A

the belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head

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17
Q

defn: hallucinations

A

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but which nevertheless seem real to the person perceiving them (auditory most common)

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18
Q

defn: disorganized thought + 3 manifestations

A

characterized by loosening of associations

  1. ideas shifting in speech
  2. word salad (words seem incomprehensibly thrown together)
  3. neologisms (invention of new words)
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19
Q

defn: disorganized behavior

A

an inability to carry out activities of daily living (bills, hygiene, appointments)

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20
Q

defn: catatonia + 3 manifestations

A

certain motor behaviors characteristic of some people with schizophrenia

  1. rigid posture, refuse to move OR useless, bizarre movements not caused by external stimuli
  2. echolalia (repeating other’s words)
  3. echopraxia (imitating other’s actions)
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21
Q

defn: affect

A

the experience and display of emotion

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22
Q

defn + description: 3 affective symptoms

A
  1. blunting (a severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression)
  2. emotional flattening (flat affect): virtually no signs of emotional expression
  3. inappropriate affect: affect is clearly discordant with the content of speech
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23
Q

defn: avolition

A

decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions

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24
Q

defn: schizophrenia

A

prototypical psychotic disorder

characterized by a break between an individual and reality

diagnosis: continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6 months + this sixth month period must include at least one month of positive symptoms

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25
Q

defn: the three phases of schizophrenia. describe them.

A
  1. prodromal phase
  2. active phase
  3. residual phase

prodromal phase: before diagnosis; poor adjustment; clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, unusual experiences

active phase: psychotic symptoms, diagnosis usually made here

residual phase / recovery phase: after an active episode, mental clarity resulting in concern, depression as individual becomes aware of previous behavior

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26
Q

what are 5 other psychotic disorders other than schizophrenia?

A
  1. schizotypal personality disorder
  2. delusion disorder
  3. brief psychotic disorder
  4. schizophreniform disorder
  5. schizoaffective disorder
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27
Q

defn: schizotypal personality disorder

A

personality disorder + psychotic symptoms with personality symptoms having been established before psychotic symptoms

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28
Q

defn: delusion disorder

A

psychotic symptoms limited to delusions and present for at least a month

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29
Q

defn: brief psychotic disorder

A

positive psychotic symptoms are present for at least a day, but less than a month

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30
Q

defn: schizophreniform disorder

A

same diagnosis as schizophrenia but required duration is only 1 month

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31
Q

defn: schizoaffective disorder

A

major mood episodes (depressive and manic) while also presenting psychotic symptoms

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32
Q

defn: depressive disorders

A

conditions characterized by feelings of sadness that are severe enough in magnitude and duration to meet specific diagnostic criteria

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33
Q

mnemonic + definitions: 9 depressive symptoms

A

sadness + SIG E. CAPS

SADNESS: depressed mood, feelings of sadness and emptiness

SLEEP: Insomnia or hypersomnia
INTEREST: Loss of interest and pleasure in activities that previously sparked joy (anhedonia)
GUILT: inappropriate guilt or worthlessness

ENERGY: Low energy throughout the day

CONCENTRATION: decreased concentration (self-described or observed)
APPETITE: pronounced change (increase or decrease) in appetite resulting in a significant change in weight
PSYCHOMOTOR SYMPTOMS: retardation (slowed thoughts and movement) AND agitation (restlessness resulting in undesired movement)
SUICIDAL THOUGHTS: recurrent

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34
Q

defn: major depressive disorder

A

the presence of major depressive episodes

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35
Q

defn: major depressive episode

A

a 2-week or longer period in which 5/9 depressive symptoms occur and must include either depressed mood or anhedonia (inability to feel and anticipate pleasure)

symptoms must be severe enough to impair daily social or work activities

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36
Q

defn + aka: persistent depressive disorder

A

aka: dysthymia

when an individual experiences a period of at least 2 years in which they experience a depressed mood on the majority of days

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37
Q

what are four other types of depressive disorders outside of MDD and PDD?

A
  1. disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
  2. premenstrual dysphoric disorder
  3. seasonal affective disorder
  4. postpartum depression
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38
Q

defn: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

diagnosed ages 6 - 10
diagnostic feature: persistent and recurrent emotional irritability in multiple environments

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39
Q

defn: premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

characterized by mood changes (often depressed mood), occurring a few days before menses and resolving after menses onset

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40
Q

defn + treatment: seasonal affective disorder

A

dark winter months are source of depressive symptoms (MDD with seasonal onset) –> may be related to abnormal melatonin metabolism

often treated with bright light therapy

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41
Q

defn: postpartum depression

A

rapid change in hormone levels after giving birth causes depressive symptoms

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42
Q

what are characteristics of bipolar disorders?

A

the presence of manic and depressive symptoms, which severe and persistent enough can be called episodes

43
Q

defn: manic symptoms

A

an exaggerated elevation in mood + increase in goal-directed activity and energy

44
Q

mnemonic + defn: 7 manic symptoms

A

DIG FAST

DISTRACTIBILITY: inability to remain focused on an activity
IRRESPONSIBILITY: engaging in risky activities without considering future consequences
GRANDIOSITY: exaggerated and unrealistic increase in self-esteem

FLIGHT OF THOUGHTS: racing thoughts (self-reported or shown through rapid speech)
ACTIVITY OR AGITATION: increase in goal-oriented work or social activities
SLEEP: decreased need for sleep
TALKATIVE: exaggerated desire to speak

45
Q

defn: hypomanic episode

A

the presence of manic symptoms present for at least 4 days and include 3 + of the 7 defined symptoms, but not severe enough to impair social or work activities

46
Q

defn: manic episode

A

3+ of 7 defined manic symptoms that are severe enough to impair social or work activities and persist for at least 7 days

47
Q

defn: bipolar I disorder

A

key diagnostic feature: presence of manic episodes, depressive symptoms are not a requirement

48
Q

defn: bipolar II disorder

A

the presence of both a major depressive episode an an accompanying hypomanic episode, but NOT a manic episode

49
Q

defn: cyclothymic disoder

A

the presence of both manic and depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be considered episodes (the patient has not experienced major depressive, manic, or hypomanic episodes)

a person must have experienced numerous periods of manic and depressive symptoms for the majority of time over a 2-year + period

50
Q

defn: monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression

A

too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, too little leads to depression

51
Q

defn: fear vs. anxiety

A

fear: an emotional response to an immediate threat
anxiety: fear of an upcoming or future event

52
Q

defn: anxiety disorder

A

irrational and excessive fear or anxiety affects an individual’s daily functioning

53
Q

defn: phobia and specific phobia

A

a type of anxiety disorder

an irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it

a specific phobia is one in which fear and anxiety are produced by a specific object or situation

54
Q

defn: separation anxiety disorder

A

excessive fear of being separated from one’s caregivers or home environment

persists beyond the age deemed developmentally appropriate

accompanied by the ideation that when separated, the caregiver or individual will be harmed

may result in avoidant behaviors

55
Q

defn: social anxiety disorder

A

fear or anxiety towards social situations and encounters w/belief that they will be exposed, embarrassed, or negatively perceived by others

+ avoidant behavior to the point of social or occupational impairment

56
Q

defn: selective mutism

A

consistent inability to speak in situations where speaking is expected

in more relaxed situations, speaking is unaffected

57
Q

defn: panic disorder

A

recurrence of unexpected panic attacks + anxiety of having a panic attack that impairs daily functions and persists for at least a month

58
Q

defn: panic attack

A

misfiring of sympathetic nervous system resulting in unwanted fight or flight response

includes associated emotions (intense fear, impending doom/danger)

the sudden surge of fear in which one feels they are losing control of their body and/or they are dying

59
Q

defn: expected vs. unexpected panic attacks

A

expected: associated with specific triggers
unexpected: no clear trigger, seemingly random

60
Q

defn: agoraphobia

A

fear of being in places or situations where it might be difficult to escape

assoc. with panic attacks and fear of negative evaluation by others

61
Q

defn: generalized anxiety disorder

A

disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 months

worrying is hard to control, even when they know that it is irrational

often have physical symptoms (fatigue, muscle tension, sleep problems)

62
Q

defn: obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) which produce tensions and compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in life

63
Q

defn: ego-dystonic (OCD)

A

describes the relationship between obsessions and compulsions

they know their behavior is irrational, but the anxiety that arises when compulsions are not performed cannot be ignored

64
Q

defn: obsessions

A

perceived needs with accompanying ideation if a particular need is not met, disastrous events will follow

65
Q

defn: compulsions

A

actions paired with obsessions

66
Q

defn: body dysmorphic disoder

A

presence of unrealistic negative evaluation of personal appearance and attractiveness, usually directed toward a certain body part

67
Q

defn: preoccupation

A

a type of worry that lacks the disastrous ideation that accompanies obsessions

68
Q

defn: muscle dysmorphia

A

individuals believe their body is too small or unmuscular, responds by working out

persists with clear evidence against it

69
Q

defn: hoarding disorder

A

a need to save or keep items, paired with excessive acquisition of objects

70
Q

defn: trichotillomania

A

compulsion to pull out hair with previous attempt to stop, but failed

71
Q

defn: excoriation disoder

A

compulsion to pick at skin with previous attempt to stop, but failed

72
Q

characteristics of trauma and stressor-related disorders

A

traumatic event is source of symptoms + diagnostic requirement

typical responses: fear, helplessness, anxiety

present with maladaptive symptoms: anhedonia, dysphoria (generalized life dissatisfaction), aggression, dissociation

73
Q

defn: PTSD

A

occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event and consists of

  1. intrusion symptoms
  2. arousal symptoms
  3. avoidance symptoms
  4. negative cognitive symptoms

a particular number of these symptoms must be present for at least one month

74
Q

defn: intrusion symptoms (PTSD)

A

recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, and prolonged distress

75
Q

defn: arousal symptoms (PTSD)

A

an increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behavior, sleep disturbances

76
Q

defn: avoidance symptoms (PTSD)

A

deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, place, activities, and objects assoc. with trauma

77
Q

defn: negative cognitive symptoms (PTSD)

A

an inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from others, a persistent negative view of the world

78
Q

defn: acute stress disorder

A

the same symptoms of PTSD last for less than one month, but more than three days

79
Q

explain the four categories of PTSD symptoms from a behaviorist perspective

A

intrusion and arousal: classical conditioning (event has become assoc. with traumatic triggers, generalized to everyday stimuli)

avoidance: avoidance learning (learn behavior to avoid unpleasant stimuli)

negative cognitive: dissociation (defense mechanism to avoid unpleasant stimuli)

80
Q

defn + 3 types: dissociative disorders

A

avoid stress by escaping from parts of their identity

  1. dissociative identity disorder
  2. dissociative amnesia
  3. depersonalization/derealization disorder
81
Q

defn: dissociative amnesia

A

an inability to recall past experiences (not caused by neurological disorder)

82
Q

defn: dissociative fugue

A

a symptom of dissociative amnesia

a sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or daily location

confused about identity, may think they are someone else

83
Q

defn: dissociative identity disorder

A

2+ personalities that recurrently take control of the patient’s behavior

results when components of identity fail to integrate

most have experienced severe physical or sexual abuse as young children

84
Q

defn: depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

feel detached from their own minds and bodies (depersonalization) or from their surroundings (derealization)

85
Q

defn: somatic symptom disorder

A

have at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, and is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an excessive amount of time or energy about it, or elevated anxiety

86
Q

defn: illness anxiety disorder

A

being consumed about thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition (no somatic symptoms)

87
Q

defn + aka + examples: conversion disorder

A

aka: functional neurological symptom disorder

symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions that are incompatible with the patient’s neurophysiological condition

generally begin soon after stress or trauma, but may not develop until some time has passed

examples: paralysis or blindness

88
Q

defn: la belle indifférence

A

part of conversion disorder

surprising lack of concern with the developed symptom

89
Q

defn: (general) personality disorder

A

a pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control

90
Q

defn. ego-syntonic vs. ego-dystonic

A

ego-syntonic: individuals perceive their behavior as correct, normal, or in harmony with their goals

ego-dystonic: individuals see the illness as something thrust about them, intrusive, and bothersome

91
Q

what are the 10 personality disorders divided into their 3 clusters?

A

Cluster A: paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid

Cluster B: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic

Cluster C: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive

92
Q

char and spec descrip: Cluster A personality disorders

A
  • marked by behavior labeled as odd or eccentric by others

paranoid personality disorder: a pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives

schizotypal personality disorder: a pattern of odd or eccentric thinking (may have ideas of reference and magical thinking (superstitions, clairvoyance))

schizoid personality disorder: a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted emotional expression range

93
Q

char and spec descrip: Cluster B personality disoders

A
  • marked by behavior labeled as dramatic, emotional, or erratic by others

antisocial personality disorder: a pattern or disregard for and violations of the rights of others (repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, remorse for said actions)

borderline personality disorder: pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image (sexual identity, long-term goals, values); often an intense fear of abandonment; suicide attempt and self mutilation common

histrionic personality disorder: constant attention-seeking behavior (may include seduction)

narcissistic personality disorder: a grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with success fantasies, need for constant admiration and attention, characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships (entitlement)

94
Q

defn: splitting

A

a defense mechanism used by people with borderline personality disorder

they view others as either all good or all bad (angel vs. devil mentality)

95
Q

char and spec descrip: Cluster C personality disorders

A
  • marked by behavior labeled as anxious and fearful by others

avoidant personality disorder: extreme shyness and fear of rejection, see themselves as socially inept, socially isolated despite an intense desire for social affection and acceptance, tend to keep life the same even though they want to change

dependent personality disorder: a continuous need for reassurance, remain dependent on one specific person to take actions and make decisions

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: perfectionistic, inflexible, like rules and order, lack of desire to change, stubbornness, lack of humor, keep worn-out objects, routines

96
Q

what is difference between OCD and OCPD?

A

OCD: obsessions and compulsions are focal and acquired, ego-dystonic

OCPD: lifelong, ego-syntonic

97
Q

what are the proposed biological bases and associations of schizophrenia?

A
  1. genetic (partially inherited)
  2. trauma at birth (hypoxemia, risk)
  3. excessive marijuana in adolescence (risk)
  4. structural brain changes
  5. excessive dopamine in brain
98
Q

defn, func, aka: neuroleptic schizophrenia medications

A

block dopamine receptors

depress nerve function

aka: antipsychotics

99
Q

biological markers of depression

A
  1. high glucose metabolism in amygdala
  2. hippocampal atrophy after long duration
  3. high levels of cortisol
  4. decreased production of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
100
Q

biological markers of bipolar disorder

A
  1. increased norepinephrine and serotonin
  2. parent with bipolar (risk)
  3. multiple sclerosis (risk)
101
Q

biological factors of Alzheimer’s

A
  1. diffuse atrophy of brain on CT or MRI
  2. flattened sulci in cerebral cortex
  3. enlarged cerebral ventricles
  4. deficient blood flow in parietal lobes (cognitive decline)
  5. reduced ACh levels
  6. reduced choline acetyltransferase (enzyme that produces ACh)
  7. reduced temporal and parietal lobe metabolism
  8. senile B-amyloid plaques (misfolded protein in B-pleated sheet form)
  9. neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
102
Q

what are 6 characteristic and 2 common symptoms of Parkinson’s disease? Describe them.

A
  1. bradykinesia (movement slowness)
  2. resting tremor (tremor appears when muscles not in use)
  3. pill-rolling tremor (flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth)
  4. masklike facies (static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes, partially open mouth)
  5. cogwheel rigidity (muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb)
  6. shuffling gait with stooped posture
  7. depression
  8. dementia
103
Q

biological basis of Parkinson’s disease

A
  1. decreased dopamine production in the substantia nigra (layer of cells in brain to produces dopamine to allow proper basal ganglia functioning) –> basal ganglia is deeply related to movement
104
Q

defn: L-DOPA

A

helps manage Parkinson’s

a precursor that is converted into dopamine once in the brain, thus replacing dopamine lost by Parkinson’s

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