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Biology > Ch. 7 - Human nutrition > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - Human nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the nutrients needed?

A
  1. Water
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Vitamins
  5. Minerals
  6. Carbohydrates
    (7) –> Fibre (unabsorbed)
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2
Q

Carbohydrates?

A
  1. Provide energy
  2. Include starch and sugar
  3. Staple foods
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3
Q

Fats and oils?

A
  1. Needed for energy
  2. Needed to make cell membranes
  3. Needed for insulation (of skin)
  4. Needed for mechanical protection around organs
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4
Q

Proteins?

A
  1. Needed to build cells
  2. Used to make proteins (haemoglobin, insulin, antibodies)
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5
Q

Vitamins?

A
  1. Vitamin C (citrus) —> keeps tissues in good repair –> scarcity: scurvy
  2. Vitamin D (butter, sunlight) –> helps calcium to be absorbed
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6
Q

Minerals?

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Iron –> making haemoglobin –> anaemia
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7
Q

Fibre?

A
  1. Keeps alimentary canal working properly
  2. Undigested
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8
Q

Water?

A
  1. Solution for metabolic reactions
  2. Plasma (liquid part of blood) contains it
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9
Q

What does the human digestive system include?

A
  1. alimentary canal
  2. liver
  3. pancreas
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10
Q

What are the steps of digestion?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion (chemical (large to small molecules vs mechanical (large to small pieces))
  3. Absorption (nutrients from intestine to blood)
  4. Assimilation (nutrients taken in)
  5. Egestion
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11
Q

Alimentary canal?

A
  1. From mouth to anus
  2. Peristalsis (contractions and relax)
  3. Food lubricated with mucus (made in goblet cells)
  4. Sphincter muscles
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12
Q

How is food lubricated? Where is that thing located?

A

With mucus, made in goblet cells on lining of alimentary canal

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13
Q

The mouth?

A
  1. First part of alimentary canal
  2. Contains salivary glands (make saliva) –> AMYLASE
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14
Q

After mouth?

A

Eosophagus

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15
Q

What is inside oesophagus?

A

Lumen

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16
Q

What is lumen?

A

Space in centre of tube

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17
Q

What is the entrance to the stomach closed by?

A

Sphincter muscle

18
Q

From oesophagus to?

A

Stomach

19
Q

What does stomach do?

A
  1. Contains goblet cells which secrete mucus
  2. HCl (pH 2)
20
Q

From stomach to?

A

Duodenum

21
Q

From duodenum to?

A

Small intestine

22
Q

Small intestine?

A
  1. Between stomach and colon
  2. Ileum (part nearest to colon)
  3. Absorbs nutrients
23
Q

Duodenum?

A

Initial part of small intestine, pancreatic duct and bile duct empty fluids

24
Q

Pancreas?

A
  1. Gland
  2. Produces different enzymes
25
Q

Large intestine?

A
  1. Made up by colon and rectum
  2. Absorbs remaining water
26
Q

Liver?

A
  1. Secretes bile
  2. Bile kept into gall bladder
27
Q

What is bile?

A

Alkali watery liquid

28
Q

What’s the purpose of bile?

A

Neutralise acidic mixture from stomach

29
Q

Enzymes in chemical digestion?

A
  1. Amylase
  2. Protease
  3. Lipase
30
Q

Where is amylase secreted? Where it acts?

A
  1. By salivary glands/pancreas
  2. In the mouth
31
Q

Where is protease secreted?

A
  1. By walls of stomach/by the pancreas
  2. In the duodenum
32
Q

Where is lipase secreted?

A
  1. By the pancreas
  2. In the duodenum
33
Q

What’s the purpose of amylase?

A

Break down starch to maltose

34
Q

What happens to maltose?

A

Since it’s made out of two glucose molecules, it gets broken down

35
Q

What enzyme breaks down maltose?

A

Maltase

36
Q

By whom is maltase secreted?

A

By lining epithelium of small intestine

37
Q

What is the protease produced in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

38
Q

What is the protease produced in the pancreas?

A

Trypsin

39
Q

What do pepsin and trypsin do?

A

Break down protein molecules and produce amino acids

40
Q

What’s the optimum pH of trypsin? What does this mean?

A

7, this means that stomach is neutralised by bile and pancreatic juice

41
Q

What is another function of bile?

A

Breaks down fat into tiny droplets (emulsion) –> emulsifies fats

Biology (12 decks)

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