Ch. 10 Immunity and disease !!!

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

A microorganism that causes disease

Question 2

What groups do pathogen belong to?

Answer 2

Bacteria, virus, protoctists, fungi

Question 3

What is a host?

Answer 3

Organism in which the pathogen lives and breeds

Question 4

What does it mean when a disease is transmissible?

Answer 4

Can be passed from host to another host

Question 5

What are toxins?

Answer 5

A poisonous substance often caused by pathogens

Question 6

What are symptoms?

Answer 6

Features that you experience when you have a disease

Question 7

What is infection?

Answer 7

The entry of a pathogen into the body of an host

Question 8

What is transmission?

Answer 8

Movement of pathogen from host to another

Question 9

How are pathogen passed?

Answer 9

1. Direct contact
2. Indirect transmission

Question 10

What is direct contact?

Answer 10

Disease passed through infected person touching an uninfected one

Question 11

What is indirect transmission?

Answer 11

1. Breathing droplets
2. Touching a surface an infected person has touched
3. Eating food with pathogens
4. Contact with animals carrying pathogen

Question 12

What are defensive mechanisms against pathogens and how do they help?

Answer 12

1. Skin –> prevents pathogens from entering
2. Mucus –> traps bacteria
3. Nose/mouth –> if something tastes bad/ smells bad we dont eat it
4. Hair nose –> filter out particle
5. Stomach –> contains hydrochloric acid

Question 13

How to prevent pathogens from spreading?

Answer 13

1. Clean water supply
2. Food hygiene (keep bacteria away, keep animals away, dont keep at room temperature)
3. Personal hygiene
4. Water disposal and sewage treatment

Question 14

What is cholera caused by?

Answer 14

By a bacterium

Question 15

How does cholera work?

Answer 15

1. Bacteria attach to walls of alimentary canal
2. Bacteria releases toxin
3. Toxin causes Chlorine ions to multiply
4. More chlorine ions = lower water potential
5. Water from blood moves to alimentary canal (OSMOSIS)

Question 16

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 16

One type of blood cells

Question 17

What do lymphocytes do?

Answer 17

Produce antibodies

Question 18

What are antibodies?

Answer 18

Proteins with a particular shape

Question 19

What are antibodies complimentary to?

Answer 19

Another molecule called an antigen

Question 20

What are antigens?

Answer 20

Molecules found on the outside of a pathogen

Question 21

What do antibodies molecules do?

Answer 21

Bind with the pathogen and either directly kill it or stick to the pathogen

Question 22

How does it work?

Answer 22

Pathogen meets lumphocyte
Lymphocyte –> mitosis
New lymphocytes –> secrete antibody

Question 23

What is the immune response?

Answer 23

The reaction of a body to the presence of an antigen

Question 24

What are memory cells?

Answer 24

Lymphocyte cells which did not secrete antibody immediately but will when pathogen enters the body again

Question 25

What is a vaccine?

Answer 25

A harmless preparation of dead/weakened cells which is injected into body to stimulate an immune response

Question 26

What is active immunity?

Answer 26

When body has made its own antibody and memory cells to defend against future attacks

Question 27

How do you develop active immunity?

Answer 27

By 1. Get disease and recover from it 2. Being vaccinated

Question 28

What is a characteristic of active immunity?

Answer 28

Lasts long, often a lifetime

Question 29

What is passive immunity?

Answer 29

When a person gets ready made antibodies that have been made by another organism

Question 30

How do you get passive immunity?

Answer 30

E.g. --> breastfeeding gives infant antibodies

Question 31

What's a characteristic of passive immunity?

Answer 31

Lasts very shorty because body has not made its own antigens and doesn't have memory cells, lymphocytes haven't been in contact with pathogen