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PSYC 462 > CH. 7 Acetylcholine > Flashcards

CH. 7 Acetylcholine Flashcards

1
Q

ACh function in the PNS

A

used at neuromuscular junctions by the parasympathetic NS

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2
Q

ACh function in the CNS

A

enervate cortical/subcortical regions
interneurons in the striatum

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3
Q

presursor to ACh

A

choline
acetyl CoA

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4
Q

enzyme that catalyzes ACh

A

choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

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5
Q

what regulates rate of ACh synthesis

A

precursor availability from diet
rate of cell firing

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6
Q

protein that packages ACh

A

vesicular ACh transporters (VAChT)

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7
Q

vesamicol function and effect

A

blocks VAChT, reduces ACh

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8
Q

naturally occurring toxins that affect ACh release

A

black widow spider venom
botulinium toxin

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9
Q

how does black widow spider venom work

A

causes massive release of ACh in the PNS
muscle pain, tremors, vomiting, salivation, sweating

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10
Q

how does botox work

A

inhibits ACh release in the neuromuscular junction
causes muscular paralysis

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11
Q

how is ACh degradation different from other NTs?

A

ACh does not undergo reuptake and is degraded in the synapse
choline then has reuptake to presynapse

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12
Q

what enzyme degrades ACh

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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13
Q

where is AChE located

A

post synaptic membrane

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14
Q

hemicholinium function and effect

A

blocks choline transporters
reduces Ach production rate

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15
Q

physostigmine function and effect

A

crosses BBB and blocks AChE
increases effects of ACh

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16
Q

what does physostigmine treat

A

cognitive decline due to alzeihmer’s

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17
Q

compounds that irreversibly inhibit AChE

A

insecticides
nerve gases

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18
Q

what is an example of a nerve gas?

A

sarin

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19
Q

what happens with an accumulation of ACh

A

overstimulates cholinergic synapses leading to muscle paralysis

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20
Q

what are the subtypes of ACh receptors

A

nicotinic
muscarinic

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21
Q

what kind of receptor are niscotinic receptors

A

ionotropic

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22
Q

what are nicotinic receptors function

A

opens channel to allow Na and Ca depolarization

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23
Q

how many subunit do nicotinic receptors have

A

5

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24
Q

what are the two ways that nicotinic receptors respond to continuous activation?

A

receptor desensitization
depolarization block

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25
Q

what is happening during nicotinic receptor desensitization?

A

changes sensitivity of individual receptors so they remained closed when bound to agonist

26
Q

what is happening during nicotinic receptor depolarization block?

A

persistent depolarization allows for no new APs

27
Q

what must occur for a depolarization block to be removed

A

agonist is removed
membrane repolarizes

28
Q

nicotinic agonist

A

succinylcholine

29
Q

succinylcholine treatment

A

muscle relaxant in surgical procedures

30
Q

how does succinylcholine work?

A

resistant to breakdown by AChE so it continually stimulates nicotinic receptors causing depolarization block

31
Q

nicotinic antagonists

A

mecamylamine
D-tubocurarine

32
Q

mecamylanine function

A

blocks nicotinic receptors in CNS and autonomic ganglia

33
Q

D-tubocurarine function

A

blocks mucles nicotine receptors

34
Q

what other function does increased nicotine transmission show

A

improved attention

35
Q

what kind of receptor are muscarinic receptors?

A

metabotropic

36
Q

muscarinic receptor function

A

respond to muscarine
operate via second messenger systems
enhance K+ channel opening

37
Q

what kind of muscarinic receptors are there

A

M1-M5

38
Q

whicch muscarinic receptors are found in the periphery?

A

M2
M3

39
Q

which muscarininc receptor acts as an autoreceptor

A

M2

40
Q

M2 function in the periphery

A

cardiac
slows heart rate

41
Q

M3 function in the periphery

A

contracts smooth muscle
mediates secretory responses

42
Q

what causes dry mouth side effects in drugs used to treat psychiatric disorder

A

blocking of peripheral muscarinic receptors

43
Q

muscarinic agonist

A

pilocarpine

44
Q

pilocarpine function

A

parasympathomimetic agent to initate secretions

45
Q

what happens during policarpine poisoning

A

SLUDGE

46
Q

what does SLUDGE stanf for?

A

salivation
lacrimation
urination
diarrhea
gastrointestinal distress
emesis

47
Q

muscarinic antagonists

A

atropine
scopolamine

48
Q

what is atropine used for

A

dilate pupils
reduce secretions clogging airway
counteract cholinergic poisoning

49
Q

what are atropine’s central effects?

A

drowsiness
euphoria
amnesia
fatigue
dreamless sleep

50
Q

where are the main areas where cholinergic cell bodies cluster

A

striatum
dorsolateral pons
basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)

51
Q

what receptor mediates most central actions of ACh?

A

M1

52
Q

striatum role in ACh

A

cholinergic interneurons
regulates movement with dopamine interactions

53
Q

what is an alternative parkinson’s treatment instead of L-DOPA? how does it work?

A

anticholinergic drugs
lowers ACh activation to reset DA/ACh balance

54
Q

dorsolateral pons role in ACh

A

project to and excite midbrain DA neurons
DA reinforcement
regulate busrt-pattern firing

55
Q

what types of receptors activate the postsynapse in DA neuron activation?

A

nicotinic
M5

56
Q

BFCS role in ACh

A

enervate cortex for higher order cognition

57
Q

ACh functions

A

attention
DA reinforcement
burst-firiing
movement regulation

58
Q

how was attention measured in mice undergoing ACh function manipulation?

A

signal detection task

59
Q

what is the signal detection task

A

task where rat must press lever depending on if they saw a signal or not
correct response gets a reward

60
Q

what happens to ACh amounts when performing attention tasks?

A

ACh in frontal cortex increases

61
Q

what happened to mice with BFCS lesions?

A

could not maintain attention to signal
less correct lever responses
no effect on correct rejections

PSYC 462 (11 decks)

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