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PSYC 462 > CH. 5 Noradrenaline > Flashcards

CH. 5 Noradrenaline Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two ways NE cells are organized

A

central
peripheral

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2
Q

central NE anatomy

A

cell bodies in locus coeruleus in the pons (A6)
axons extend to basically the whole forebrain, cerebellum and spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral NE anatomy

A

sympathetic NS uses NE released from
sympathetic noradrenergic neurons
adrenal gland release

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4
Q

true or false; NE transmission in the brain and the body can influence each other

A

false; NE does not cross the BBB

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5
Q

why doesn’t NE cross the BBB

A

because it is polar and soluble non-polar atoms cross it better

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6
Q

what are the two main NEergic receptors?

A

alpha (a)
beta (b)

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7
Q

what are the different types of alpha NE receptors

A

a1
a2

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8
Q

what kind of receptors are all NE recpetors?

A

metabotropic

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9
Q

what 2nd messenger system do a1 receptors work on?

A

activates phosphoinositide

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10
Q

a1 agonist

A

phenylephrine

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11
Q

a1 antagonist

A

prazosin

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12
Q

what 2nd messenger system do a2 receptors work on? where?

A

inhibit cAMP synthesis
presynapse autoreceptors and postsynaptic

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13
Q

a2 agonist

A

clonidine

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14
Q

a2 antagonist

A

yohimbine

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15
Q

what 2nd messenger system do b1/b2 receptors work on?

A

stimulate adenylyl cyclase to enhance synthesis of cAMP

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16
Q

what role does the b1 receptor play in the periphery?

A

primary receptor found on the heart that increases heart rate when activated

17
Q

b1/b2 agonist

A

isoprotenerol

18
Q

b1/b2 antagonist

A

propanolol

19
Q

what behaviours does NE regulate?

A

sleep/wake cycle
stress and cognition
emotional memory modulation

20
Q

how does NE regulate the sleep wake cycle?

A

maintains arousal

21
Q

how does locus coeruleus activity vary throughout the sleep-wake cycle?

A

very silent during REM
little activity during deep sleep
most activity during wakefulness

22
Q

what NE projections are promoting wakefulness?

A

medial septal
medial preoptic

23
Q

what effects do a1/b receptor agonists have on wakefullness

A

increases awake times

24
Q

what effect do a2 agonists/ a1 antagonists have?

A

sedation

25
Q

how does NE regulate stress?

A

increased NE causes increase in stress/like feelings of anxiety

26
Q

how was the NE/stress relationship tested in humans

A

virtual version of the elevated plus maze
self-reported feelings of anxiety in open or closed arms

26
Q

how does NE regulate cognition?

A

NE facilitates attention and working memory by activating postsynaptic a2 receptors

27
Q

describe the study used to show NE’s effect on working memory

A

aged monkeys that received an a2 agonist did better on working memory task with a distactor than control

28
Q

true or false; facilitation of PFC functin by NE seems to be because of postsynapse a2 activation rather than just NE release

A

true

29
Q

what effect does stress have on cognition through NE regulation? why?

A

excessive increase in NE release by stress impairs PFC function
takes PFC ‘offline’ to prioritize sensory-motor control on behaviour

30
Q

which receptor drives PFC impairments caused by stress?

A

a1

31
Q

how is NE effect on the PFC regulated between stress and facilitation?

A

NE has lower affinity to a1 receptors than a2
therefore low amounts of NE facilitate, high amounts shut down

32
Q

how does NE modulate memory consolidation? why?

A

enhances memory consolidation when in more emotional states
emotionally relevant events are more likely to be important to remember

33
Q

how do b1/2 antagonists affect memory?

A

disrupts enhancement of memory for emotional content
no effect on neutral content

34
Q

what study was performed to see how beta-blockers affect memory consolidation?

A

control was told a neutral story, experimental an emotional story
memory recall tested a few days later
beta blocker lowered recall of experimental to same as control

35
Q

where in the brain is NE increase seen for emotional memories?

A

amygdala (main)
spatial and instrumental memory (side note)

36
Q

what psychiatric disorder may the NE-memory relationship underlie?

A

PTSD

PSYC 462 (11 decks)

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