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PSYC 462 > Ch. 2 Structure and Function of Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Structure and Function of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

three main parts of the neuron

A

soma
dendrites
axon

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2
Q

soma

A

nucleus and other organelles
all proteins made here

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3
Q

dendrites

A

extensions that receive info (inputs)
shaft- main brain
spines- bumps where synaptic connections form

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4
Q

axon

A

extension that delivers outputs electrically from cell body to boutons

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5
Q

glial cells

A

not excitable cells, influence neural activity and transmission through structural support, ion concentrations around cells, reuptake, etc.

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6
Q

projection/principle neurons

A

main integrating/ processing neurons of brain region
axon usually leaves region in which soma resides (pyramidal cells)

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7
Q

interneurons

A

any neurons that are between sensory and motor neurons
OR
cells who’s axons remain within particular brain region
usually inhibitory

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8
Q

neurons use of ion channels

A

transporters and pumps used to control concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium

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9
Q

what is the resting state of gated ion channels

A

closed

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10
Q

voltage gated ion channel

A

opens when electrical potential across membrane is altered

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11
Q

ligand gated ion channel

A

opens when a ligand binds to a receptor

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12
Q

second messenger ligand gated ion channel

A

activated by attachment of phosphate group on intracellular side of receptor

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13
Q

what ions have a depolarizing effect

A

sodium and calcium

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14
Q

what ions have a hyperpolarizing effect?

A

potassium and chloride

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15
Q

what is the resting membrane potential?

A

the voltage of the cell across the membrane determined by concentration gradients of ions
-70 mv

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16
Q

what causes the resting membrane potential?

A

higher concentration of + ions outside
higher concentration of - ions inside (mostly from intracellular proteins)

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17
Q

which ion is the only one that can pass through the membrane at rest?

A

K+

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18
Q

what is the threshold potential

A

electrical potential that causes the ion channels to open
-50 mv

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19
Q

what happens when sodium channels open at threshold potential?

A

cell depolarizes to action potential (+45 mv) because positive sodium is rushing into the cell because of electrical and chemical concentration gradient

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20
Q

what happens after sodium ions rush in the action potential

A

potassium ions move out because of the concentration gradient
repolarization causes both channels to close (-90)

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21
Q

what does the sodium-potassium pump do?

A

brings K inside and Na back outside, returning cell to resting potential

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22
Q

what causes initial depolarization?

A

synaptiv inputs from local potentials that are either excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)

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23
Q

true or false: local potentials and action potentials are graded

A

false, action potentials are all or nothing

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24
Q

how do NTs/drugs alter neural activity through IPSPs or EPSPs

A

modulate impact of potemtials reaching the cell therefore change cell excitability

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25
Q

what are the two main parts of the nervous system?

A

central and peripheral nervous system

26
Q

what are the components of the PNS

A

somatic and autonomic system

27
Q

somatic system definition

A

voluntary control of muscles

28
Q

autonomic system definition

A

regulate internal environment involuntarily
controls digesting, blood pressure, temperature, etc

29
Q

components of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic division
parasympathetic division

30
Q

sympathetic division definition

A

fight or flight system, dominant in times of stress
increased heart rate, blood flow, adrenaline, etc

31
Q

parasympathetic division definition

A

dominates when energy reserves can be conserved
digestion, glucose storage, slow heart rate, etc

32
Q

what neurotransmitters does the ANS use?

A

norepinephrine (NE)
acetylcholine (Ach)

33
Q

what kind of drugs influence the the NTs used in the ANS?

A

psychoactive drugs

34
Q

what are some body symptoms associated with psychoactive drugs

A

changes in blood pressure, dry mouth, pupillary dilation/constriction, urinary problems, digestive issues, etc

35
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter(s) used by the sympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine
norepinephrine

36
Q

what receptors does acetylcholine work on in the sympathetic NS?

A

excitatory nicotine receptors, localized to ganglia

37
Q

what is the trajectory of sympathetic signal to it’s target.

A

goes from brain to sympathetic ganglion/adrenal glands using acetylcholine, from here goes from ganglion/gland to target using norepinephrine

38
Q

what kind of drugs increase sympathetic activation?

A

increase NE activity
increase Ach release
stimulate nicotine receptors

39
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter(s) used by the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Ach only

40
Q

what receptors does acetylcholine work on in the parasympathetic NS?

A

muscarinic Ach receptors

41
Q

what is the trajectory of parasympathetic signals to it’s target?

A

from spinal chord to the para-sympathetic ganglia and from here to the targets, who also release some Ach

42
Q

what kind of drugs alter parasympathetic functioning?

A

cholinergic drugs
muscarinic agonists/antagonists

43
Q

my/met/mesencephalon

A

older part of the brain who’s neurons use distinct NTs and have long projections throughout the brain

44
Q

telencephalon

A

basal ganglia
limbic system
contain receptors for numerour NTs in their regions

45
Q

basal ganglia function

A

motor control and action selection

46
Q

prominent nuclei in the basal ganglia

A

dorsal striatum (caudate/putamen)
ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

47
Q

dorsal striatum function

A

key in motor skills learning and best action selection
refines actions and decide which way of moving is best

48
Q

where does the dorsal striatum receive inputs from?

A

sensory/motor cortex
dopamine from substancia nigra

49
Q

ventral striatum function

A

reward/motivated behaviours
moves organisms to important of emotionally salient things

50
Q

where does the ventral striatum receive inputs from?

A

limbic system
dopamine fom the ventral tegmental area

51
Q

limbic system function

A

integrates emotional responses and regulates motivated behaviourand learning

52
Q

parts of the limbic system

A

hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus
nucleus accumbens
prefrontal cingulate cortex

53
Q

hippocampus function

A

establishment of new long-term memories
relational/spatial memory
tells you how to react to the environment if you know it or not

54
Q

amygdala function

A

coordinates emotional response through connections to other brain areas
mostly fear and anxiety

55
Q

Brodmann’s areas

A

partitioning of differnet cortical regoions based on differnet types of structures and organization of cells

56
Q

prefrontal cortex function

A

decision making, planning, evaluating different strategies
executive functions in general

57
Q

frontal lobe areas

A

prefrontal cortex
primar/secondary motor cortex

58
Q

what brain area is most disrupted in psychiatric disorders?

A

PFC

59
Q

primary/secondary motor cortex functions

A

mediates voluntary and well-learned motor sequences

60
Q

what is the result of differnet regions having varying levels of differnt neurotransmitters?

A

they have varying sensitivities to different NTs

PSYC 462 (11 decks)

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