Ch. 2 Structure and Function of Nervous System

Question 1

three main parts of the neuron

Answer 1

soma
dendrites
axon

Question 2

soma

Answer 2

nucleus and other organelles
all proteins made here

Question 3

dendrites

Answer 3

extensions that receive info (inputs)
shaft- main brain
spines- bumps where synaptic connections form

Question 4

axon

Answer 4

extension that delivers outputs electrically from cell body to boutons

Question 5

glial cells

Answer 5

not excitable cells, influence neural activity and transmission through structural support, ion concentrations around cells, reuptake, etc.

Question 6

projection/principle neurons

Answer 6

main integrating/ processing neurons of brain region
axon usually leaves region in which soma resides (pyramidal cells)

Question 7

interneurons

Answer 7

any neurons that are between sensory and motor neurons
OR
cells who’s axons remain within particular brain region
usually inhibitory

Question 8

neurons use of ion channels

Answer 8

transporters and pumps used to control concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium

Question 9

what is the resting state of gated ion channels

Answer 9

closed

Question 10

voltage gated ion channel

Answer 10

opens when electrical potential across membrane is altered

Question 11

ligand gated ion channel

Answer 11

opens when a ligand binds to a receptor

Question 12

second messenger ligand gated ion channel

Answer 12

activated by attachment of phosphate group on intracellular side of receptor

Question 13

what ions have a depolarizing effect

Answer 13

sodium and calcium

Question 14

what ions have a hyperpolarizing effect?

Answer 14

potassium and chloride

Question 15

what is the resting membrane potential?

Answer 15

the voltage of the cell across the membrane determined by concentration gradients of ions
-70 mv

Question 16

what causes the resting membrane potential?

Answer 16

higher concentration of + ions outside
higher concentration of - ions inside (mostly from intracellular proteins)

Question 17

which ion is the only one that can pass through the membrane at rest?

Answer 17

K+

Question 18

what is the threshold potential

Answer 18

electrical potential that causes the ion channels to open
-50 mv

Question 19

what happens when sodium channels open at threshold potential?

Answer 19

cell depolarizes to action potential (+45 mv) because positive sodium is rushing into the cell because of electrical and chemical concentration gradient

Question 20

what happens after sodium ions rush in the action potential

Answer 20

potassium ions move out because of the concentration gradient
repolarization causes both channels to close (-90)

Question 21

what does the sodium-potassium pump do?

Answer 21

brings K inside and Na back outside, returning cell to resting potential

Question 22

what causes initial depolarization?

Answer 22

synaptiv inputs from local potentials that are either excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)

Question 23

true or false: local potentials and action potentials are graded

Answer 23

false, action potentials are all or nothing

Question 24

how do NTs/drugs alter neural activity through IPSPs or EPSPs

Answer 24

modulate impact of potemtials reaching the cell therefore change cell excitability

Question 25

what are the two main parts of the nervous system?

Answer 25

central and peripheral nervous system

Question 26

what are the components of the PNS

Answer 26

somatic and autonomic system

Question 27

somatic system definition

Answer 27

voluntary control of muscles

Question 28

autonomic system definition

Answer 28

regulate internal environment involuntarily controls digesting, blood pressure, temperature, etc

Question 29

components of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 29

sympathetic division parasympathetic division

Question 30

sympathetic division definition

Answer 30

fight or flight system, dominant in times of stress increased heart rate, blood flow, adrenaline, etc

Question 31

parasympathetic division definition

Answer 31

dominates when energy reserves can be conserved digestion, glucose storage, slow heart rate, etc

Question 32

what neurotransmitters does the ANS use?

Answer 32

norepinephrine (NE) acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 33

what kind of drugs influence the the NTs used in the ANS?

Answer 33

psychoactive drugs

Question 34

what are some body symptoms associated with psychoactive drugs

Answer 34

changes in blood pressure, dry mouth, pupillary dilation/constriction, urinary problems, digestive issues, etc

Question 35

what is the primary neurotransmitter(s) used by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 35

Acetylcholine norepinephrine

Question 36

what receptors does acetylcholine work on in the sympathetic NS?

Answer 36

excitatory nicotine receptors, localized to ganglia

Question 37

what is the trajectory of sympathetic signal to it's target.

Answer 37

goes from brain to sympathetic ganglion/adrenal glands using acetylcholine, from here goes from ganglion/gland to target using norepinephrine

Question 38

what kind of drugs increase sympathetic activation?

Answer 38

increase NE activity increase Ach release stimulate nicotine receptors

Question 39

what is the primary neurotransmitter(s) used by the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 39

Ach only

Question 40

what receptors does acetylcholine work on in the parasympathetic NS?

Answer 40

muscarinic Ach receptors

Question 41

what is the trajectory of parasympathetic signals to it's target?

Answer 41

from spinal chord to the para-sympathetic ganglia and from here to the targets, who also release some Ach

Question 42

what kind of drugs alter parasympathetic functioning?

Answer 42

cholinergic drugs muscarinic agonists/antagonists

Question 43

my/met/mesencephalon

Answer 43

older part of the brain who's neurons use distinct NTs and have long projections throughout the brain

Question 44

telencephalon

Answer 44

basal ganglia limbic system contain receptors for numerour NTs in their regions

Question 45

basal ganglia function

Answer 45

motor control and action selection

Question 46

prominent nuclei in the basal ganglia

Answer 46

dorsal striatum (caudate/putamen) ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

Question 47

dorsal striatum function

Answer 47

key in motor skills learning and best action selection refines actions and decide which way of moving is best

Question 48

where does the dorsal striatum receive inputs from?

Answer 48

sensory/motor cortex dopamine from substancia nigra

Question 49

ventral striatum function

Answer 49

reward/motivated behaviours moves organisms to important of emotionally salient things

Question 50

where does the ventral striatum receive inputs from?

Answer 50

limbic system dopamine fom the ventral tegmental area

Question 51

limbic system function

Answer 51

integrates emotional responses and regulates motivated behaviourand learning

Question 52

parts of the limbic system

Answer 52

hippocampus amygdala hypothalamus nucleus accumbens prefrontal cingulate cortex

Question 53

hippocampus function

Answer 53

establishment of new long-term memories relational/spatial memory tells you how to react to the environment if you know it or not

Question 54

amygdala function

Answer 54

coordinates emotional response through connections to other brain areas mostly fear and anxiety

Question 55

Brodmann's areas

Answer 55

partitioning of differnet cortical regoions based on differnet types of structures and organization of cells

Question 56

prefrontal cortex function

Answer 56

decision making, planning, evaluating different strategies executive functions in general

Question 57

frontal lobe areas

Answer 57

prefrontal cortex primar/secondary motor cortex

Question 58

what brain area is most disrupted in psychiatric disorders?

Answer 58

PFC

Question 59

primary/secondary motor cortex functions

Answer 59

mediates voluntary and well-learned motor sequences

Question 60

what is the result of differnet regions having varying levels of differnt neurotransmitters?

Answer 60

they have varying sensitivities to different NTs