CH 7

Question 1

1. Moral philosophy refers to which of the following?
   a. The values developed in an organizational environment
   b. The overall morality of business activities
   c. The specific principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong
   d. The legality of a business’s activities
   e. The principles or rules that policymakers use to create legislation

Answer 1

c

Question 2

2. Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (it seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)?
   a. Act deontology
   b. Rule deontology
   c. Egoism
   d. Utilitarianism
   e. Hedonism

Answer 2

d

Question 3

3. Which philosophy stipulates that acts are morally right or acceptable if they produce some desired result, such as realization of self-interest or utility?
   a. Teleology
   b. Deontology
   c. The relativist perspective
   d. Ethical formalism
   e. Hedonism

Answer 3

a

Question 4

4. Which moral philosophy focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior, rather than its consequences?
   a. Deontology
   b. The relativist perspective
   c. Teleology
   d. Egoism
   e. Utilitarianism

Answer 4

a

Question 5

5. Which of the following are based on decisions made by groups or when carrying out tasks to meet business objectives?
   a. Organizational factors
   b. Codes of conduct
   c. Individual factors
   d. Moral philosophies
   e. Business ethics

Answer 5

e

Question 6

6. According to Kohlberg’s model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development—and with time, education, and experience—which of the following statements is true?
   a. The individual is unlikely to change his/her values and ethical behavior.
   b. Cognitive moral development and behavior may change.
   c. The individual will likely be promoted.
   d. Significant others become more influential in ethical decision making.
   e. Opportunity to behave unethically decreases.

Answer 6

b

Question 7

7. An individual who defines what is right by considering their duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in which of Kohlberg’s stages of cognitive moral development?
   a. Punishment and obedience
   b. Individual instrumental purpose and exchange
   c. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity
   d. Social system and conscience maintenance
   e. Prior rights, social contract, or utility

Answer 7

d

Question 8

8. Which of the following is the last of Kohlberg’s stages of cognitive moral development?
   a. Individual instrumental purpose and exchange
   b. Need achievement
   c. Social system and conscience maintenance
   d. Punishment and obedience
   e. Universal ethical principles

Answer 8

e

Question 9

9. A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep their company from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees is trying to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of people, making them a(n) _______.
   a. egoist
   b. deontologist
   c. utilitarian
   d. relativist
   e. humanitarian

Answer 9

c

Question 10

10. Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles based on logic and respect for individual rights?
    a. Relativist perspective
    b. Act utilitarianism
    c. Rule utilitarianism
    d. Act deontology
    e. Rule deontology

Answer 10

e

Question 11

11. Considered the father of free market capitalism, which of the following believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men?
    a. John Maynard Keynes
    b. Immanuel Kant
    c. Aristotle
    d. Adam Smith
    e. Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 11

d

Question 12

12. The belief that no one thing is intrinsically good is defined as _______.
    a. hedonism
    b. pluralism
    c. relativism
    d. deontology
    e. teleology

Answer 12

b

Question 13

13. Kant’s categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy?
    a. Teleology
    b. Deontology
    c. The relativist perspective
    d. Egoism
    e. Utilitarianism

Answer 13

b

Question 14

14. A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter what the cost because the manager believes in the rights of all individuals, may be considered a(n) _______.
    a. egoist
    b. utilitarian
    c. deontologist
    d. relativist
    e. hedonist

Answer 14

c

Question 15

15. Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?
    a. Rule utilitarianism
    b. Act utilitarianism
    c. Rule deontology
    d. Act deontology
    e. Egoism

Answer 15

a

Question 16

16. Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the action, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process?
    a. Rule utilitarianism
    b. Act utilitarianism
    c. Rule deontology
    d. Act deontology
    e. Relativist perspective

Answer 16

d

Question 17

17. Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of individuals and groups?
    a. Virtue ethics
    b. Egoism
    c. Relativist perspective
    d. Absolutism
    e. Justice

Answer 17

c

Question 18

18. As circumstances evolve, an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives?
    a. Relativist perspective
    b. Teleology
    c. Deontology
    d. Egoism
    e. Rule deontology

Answer 18

a

Question 19

19. Instead of focusing on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, which of the following emphasizes the means and motives by which actions are justified?
    a. Pragmatism
    b. Deontology
    c. Utilitarianism
    d. Goodness theories
    e. Obligation theories

Answer 19

e

Question 20

20. An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within the individual’s company and industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n) _______.
    a. utilitarian
    b. relativist
    c. teleologist
    d. deontologist
    e. egoist

Answer 20

b

Question 21

21. Enlightened egoism _______.
    a. is when an individual puts spiritual feelings above all others
    b. centers completely on the short-term well-being of others
    c. centers on one’s short-term self-interest
    d. centers on one’s long-term self-interest but takes others’ well-being into account
    e. centers on the long-term well-being of others

Answer 21

d

Question 22

22. Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons?
    a. Relativist perspective
    b. Deontology
    c. Egoism
    d. Teleology
    e. Utilitarianism

Answer 22

b

Question 23

23. Which of the following have lower ethical issue sensitivity—meaning they are less likely to detect ethical issues—and may be more committed to completing projects and more dedicated to group values and objectives?
    a. Relativists
    b. Hedonists
    c. Pragmatists
    d. Deontologists
    e. Teleologists

Answer 23

a

Question 24

24. Which form of justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship?
    a. Procedural
    b. Interactional
    c. Distributive
    d. Ethical
    e. Egotistical

Answer 24

c

Question 25

25. Kohlberg’s six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern. Which of the following describes individuals at the second level?
    a. They define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society.
    b. They see beyond the norms, laws, and authority of groups or individuals.
    c. They are concerned with their immediate interests and with external rewards and punishments.
    d. They are concerned with their long-term interests and with internal rewards and punishments.
    e. They are unethical.

Answer 25

a

Question 26

26. Which of the following argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a “good” moral character would deem appropriate?
    a. Act utilitarianism
    b. Virtue ethics
    c. Reciprocity
    d. Hedonism
    e. Rule deontology

Answer 26

b

Question 27

27. When an individual defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, they are using which of Kohlberg’s stages of development?
    a. Punishment and obedience (Stage 1)
    b. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3)
    c. Social system and conscience maintenance (Stage 4)
    d. Prior rights, social contract, or utility (Stage 5)
    e. Universal ethical principles (Stage 6)

Answer 27

d

Question 28

28. Which of the following deals with the issue of what individuals feel they are due based on their rights and performance in the workplace, and therefore is more likely to be based on deontological moral philosophies than on teleological or utilitarian ones?
    a. Rights
    b. Virtue ethics
    c. Justice
    d. Relativism
    e. Egoism

Answer 28

c

Question 29

29. Which of the following is a central problem with relativism?
    a. It emphasizes people’s differences while ignoring their basic similarities.
    b. Few people believe that these principles are important.
    c. It is very complicated.
    d. It represents unattainable goals.
    e. Many feel that it only works in theory.

Answer 29

a

Question 30

30. Which of the following are considered white-collar crimes? (Select four)
    a. Corporate tax evasion
    b. Credit card fraud
    c. Insider trading
    d. Identity theft
    e. Mugging someone

Answer 30

a, b, c, d

Question 31

31. An individual who emphasizes others rather than themselves in making decisions is in which of Kohlberg’s stages of development?
    a. Universal ethical principles (Stage 6)
    b. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3)
    c. Social system and conscience maintenance (Stage 4)
    d. Punishment and obedience (Stage 1)
    e. Prior rights, social contract, or utility (Stage 5)

Answer 31

b

Question 32

32. While he is normally against the idea of harming animals, Eric views animal research in the pharmaceutical industry as a way to improve drugs that will benefit mankind. Which moral philosophy most closely represents Eric’s viewpoint in this scenario?
    a. Egoism
    b. Relativism
    c. Humanitarianism
    d. Utilitarianism
    e. Individualism

Answer 32

d

Question 33

33. In Kohlberg’s model, Stage 3 (mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity) differs from Stage 2 (individual instrumental purpose and exchange) in terms of the individual’s motives in _______.
    a. considering fairness to others
    b. maintaining the social order
    c. considering duty to society
    d. upholding the basic values of society
    e. maintaining obedience to authority

Answer 33

a

Question 34

34. The elements of trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, and truthfulness that are important to business transactions are part of which of the following?
    a. Egoism
    b. Utilitarianism
    c. Deontology
    d. Moral philosophy
    e. Virtue

Answer 34

e

Question 35

35. Which form of justice considers the processes and activities that produce the outcome or results?
    a. Disruptive
    b. Procedural
    c. Interactional
    d. Communications
    e. Evaluative

Answer 35

b

Question 36

41. Which of the following describes the categorical imperative?
    a. “Pursue pleasure in this lifetime as the ultimate good.”
    b. “Thou should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people.”
    c. “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”
    d. “Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature.”
    e. “When in Rome, do as the Romans do.”

Answer 36

d

Question 37

42. Why might an individual’s moral philosophies differ when making a personal decision versus a work-related decision?
    a. Individuals tend to act more unethically in large work groups than alone.
    b. Businesses train individuals to adopt different moral philosophies at work.
    c. Personal temptations are rarely a problem in the business environment.
    d. Ethics is not held to be a high concern among managers in the workplace.
    e. Goals and pressures in the workplace are different from those outside of work.

Answer 37

e

Question 38

43. Which of the following is one of the criticisms of Kohlberg’s cognitive moral development theory?
    a. The original theory was transferred from children to adults.
    b. It can only apply to those with a deontological perspective.
    c. It assumes that very few adults ever reach Stage 6.
    d. The theory has little reliability or validity.
    e. All moral philosophies are regarded as equal to one another.

Answer 38

a

Question 39

44. The concept of moral philosophies is inexact.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 39

True

Question 40

45. Interactional justice considers the processes and activities that produce a particular outcome.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 40

False

Question 41

46. Teleological philosophies assess the moral worth of a behavior by looking at its consequences, and thus moral philosophers today often refer to these theories as consequentialism.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 41

True

Question 42

47. The moral philosophy of idealism views ethics as whether an act produces more economic value for its effort.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 42

False

Question 43

48. Economist Adam Smith viewed profit as the ultimate goal of an enterprise and did not believe it was businesses’ responsibility to be concerned about their impact on society.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 43

False

Question 44

49. Which philosophy defines right or acceptable actions as those that maximize a particular person’s self-interest as defined by the individual?
    a. Teleology
    b. Egoism
    c. Utilitarianism
    d. Deontology
    e. Relativism

Answer 44

b

Question 45

50. The famous statement “Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature” is referred to as _______.
    a. categorical imperative
    b. economic imperative
    c. philosophy of action
    d. rule of deontologists
    e. utilitarianism

Answer 45

a

Question 46

51. Which of the following is defined as regard for certain behaviors as inherently right, and the determination of this rightness focuses on the individual actor, not on society?
    a. Categorical imperative
    b. Nonconsequentialism
    c. Moral philosophy
    d. Consequentialism
    e. Utilitarianism

Answer 46

b

Question 47

52. Economic value orientation is associated with which of the following?
    a. The view that an external world exists independent of our perceptions
    b. Selling goods and services for immoral reasons
    c. Values quantified by monetary means
    d. Those who believe pleasure is better
    e. Doing things that are intrinsically good

Answer 47

c