Ch. 6 Vocab

Question 1

Erikson’s belief that infants and toddlers progress through these two psychosocial stages that influence influence their personality development

Answer 1

trust v. mistrust & autonomy v. shame and doubt

Question 2

basic expectation parents/caregivers meet the needs of the infant

Answer 2

trust v. mistrust

Question 3

establishing the feeling that one can make choices and direct oneself

Answer 3

autonomy v. shame and doubt

Question 4

primary emotions; ex. happiness, sadness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, disgust

Answer 4

basic emotions

Question 5

this occurs in response to familiar people; important milestone in infant development because it shows social engagement

Answer 5

social smile

Question 6

secondary emotions; ex. empathy, pride, embarrassment, shame, guilt

Answer 6

self-conscious emotions

Question 7

the ability to control their emotions

Answer 7

emotion regulation

Question 8

looking to caregivers’ or other adults’ emotional expressions to find clues for how to interpret ambiguous events; this influences their emotional responses and subsequent actions

Answer 8

social referencing

Question 9

a set of rules that specify the circumstances under which various emotions should or should not be expressed

Answer 9

emotional display rules

Question 10

a fear of unfamiliar people

Answer 10

stranger wariness (also called stranger anxiety)

Question 11

the characteristic way in which an individual approaches and reacts to people and situations

Answer 11

temperament

Question 12

the connection between a child’s temperament and the environment around them

Answer 12

goodness of fit

Question 13

a lasting emotional tie between two people who each strive to maintain closeness to the other and act to ensure that the relationship continues

Answer 13

attachment

Question 14

a foundation an infant/child returns to when frightened

Answer 14

secure base

Question 15

a reaction to separations from an attachment figure that is characterized by distress and crying

Answer 15

separation anxiety

Question 16

a child’s expectation about whether they are worthy of love whether their attachment figures will be available during times of distress, and how they will be treated

Answer 16

internal working model

Question 17

the extent to which they feel that parents can reliably meet their needs

Answer 17

security of attachment

Question 18

a structured observational procedure that reveals the security of attachment when the infant is placed under stress

Answer 18

Strange Situation

Question 19

the ability to recognize or identify the self

Answer 19

self-recognition

Question 20

a self-description based on broad categories such as sex, age, and physical characteristics

Answer 20

categorical self