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PSYC 377 > Ch. 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

the ways in which people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from conception to death

A

lifespan human development

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2
Q

body maturation and growth (such as body size, proportion, appearance, health, and perceptual abilities)

A

physical development

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3
Q

the maturation of thought processes and the tools that we use to obtain knowledge, become aware of the world around us, and solve problems

A

cognitive development

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4
Q

changes in personality, emotions, views of oneself, social skills, and interpersonal relationships with family and friends

A

socioemotional development

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5
Q

malleable or changeable

A

plasticity

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6
Q

the capacity to adapt effectively to adverse contexts and circumstances

A

resilience

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7
Q

where and when a person develops

A

context

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8
Q

a generation of people born at the same time

A

cohort

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9
Q

a set of customs

A

culture

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10
Q

slow and gradual change

A

continuous

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11
Q

abrupt change

A

discontinuous

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12
Q

how is development cause by nature or nurture?

A

nature-nurture issue

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13
Q

a way of organizing a set of observations or facts into a comprehensive explanation of how something works

A

theory

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14
Q

proposed explanations for a given phenomena

A

hypotheses

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15
Q

describes development and behavior as a result of the interplay of inner drives, memories, and conflicts we are unaware of and cannot control

A

Psychoanalytic theories

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16
Q

periods in which unconscious drives are focused on different parts of the body (by Freud)

A

psychosexual stages

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17
Q

theorists who only examine behavior that can be observed and believe that all behavior is influenced by the physical and social environment

A

behaviorism

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18
Q

form of learning in which a person or animal comes to associate environmental stimuli with physiological responses

A

classical conditioning

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19
Q

theory which holds that behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences

A

operant conditioning

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20
Q

a behavior followed by a rewarding or pleasing outcome

A

reinforcement

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21
Q

a behavior followed by an aversive or unpleasant outcome

A

punishment

22
Q

people actively process information and their thoughts and feelings influence their behavior

A

social learning theory

23
Q

learning through observing and imitating others

A

observational learning

24
Q

individuals and the environment interact and influence each other

A

reciprocal determination

25
Q

theory that views children and adults as active explorers of their world, driven to learn by interacting with the world around them and organizing what they learn into cognitive schemas

A

cognitive-developmental theory

26
Q

concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting with the world

A

cognitive schemas

27
Q

theory which posits that the mind works in ways similar to a computer in that information enters and then is manipulated

A

information processing theory

28
Q

theory that examines how culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through social interaction

A

sociocultural theory

29
Q

theory that poses that development is a result of the ongoing interactions among biological, cognitive, and psychological changes within the person and s/he changing context

A

bioecological systems theory

30
Q

innermost level of context; includes interactions with the immediate physical and social environment surrounding the person, such as family, peers, and school

A

microsystem

31
Q

refers to the relations and interactions among microsystems, or connections among contexts

A

mesosytem

32
Q

consists of settings in which the individual is not a participant but that nevertheless influence s/he

A

exosystem

33
Q

the greater sociocultural context in which the microsystem, mesosytem, and exosystem are embedded

A

macrosystem

34
Q

refers to how the bioecological system changes over time

A

chronosystem

35
Q

the scientific study of the evolutionary basis of behavior

A

ethology

36
Q

theory that applies principles of evolution and scientific knowledge about the interactive influence of genetic and environmental mechanisms to understand the changes people undergo throughout their lives

A

evolutionary developmental theory

37
Q

a process of posing and answering questions by making careful and systematic observations and gathering information

A

scientific method

38
Q

to observe and record behavior in natural, real-world setting

A

naturalistic observation

39
Q

entails observing and recording behaviors displayed in a controlled environment, a situation constructed by the experimenter

A

structured observation

40
Q

type of interview in which a trained interviewer uses a conversational style that encourages the participant, or the person under study, to expand s/he responses

A

open-ended interview

41
Q

surveys; sets of questions; typically multiple choice

A

questionnaires

42
Q

permits researchers to examine relations among measured characteristics, behaviors, and events

A

correlational research

43
Q

testing hypotheses about casual relationships

A

experimental research

44
Q

behavior under study

A

dependent variable

45
Q

the factor that is manipulated

A

independent variable

46
Q

participant has equal chance of being assigned to the experimental or control group; essential for ensuring that the groups are as equal as possible in all preexisting characteristics

A

random assignment

47
Q

compares groups of people of different ages at a single point in time

A

cross-sectional research study

48
Q

follows the same group of participants over many points in time

A

longitudinal research study

49
Q

combines the best features of cross-sectional and longitudinal research by assessing multiple cohorts over time, enabling scientists to make comparisons that disentangle the effects of cohort and age

A

sequential research design

50
Q

ability to make and implement decisions

A

autonomy

51
Q

their informed, rational, and voluntary agreement to participate

A

informed consent

PSYC 377 (14 decks)

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