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PSYC 377 > Ch. 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

23 matching pairs of rod-shaped structures located in the nucleus

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

a complex molecule shaped like a twisted ladder or staircase

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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3
Q

the blueprint for creating all of the traits that organisms carry

A

genes

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4
Q

the process which DNA replicates itself, permitting the duplication of chromosomes and ultimately the formation of new cells with identical genetic material

A

mitosis

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5
Q

how sex cells reproduce; like mitosis but chromosomes complete “crossing over”

A

meiosis

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6
Q

the cells of sexual reproduction; sperm (in males) and ova (in females)

A

gametes

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7
Q

fertilized egg

A

zygote

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8
Q

ovary

A

ovum

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9
Q

when more than one ovum is released and each is fertilized by two different sperm; fraternal twins

A

dizygotic (DZ) twins

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10
Q

occurs when zygote splits into two distinct separate but identical zygotes; shares same genotype with identical instructions for all physical and psychological characteristics; identical twins

A

monozygotic (MZ) twins

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11
Q

chromosomes expressed in different forms that influence a variety of physical characteristics

A

alleles

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12
Q

when alleles of the pair of chromosomes are alike with regard to a specific characteristic

A

homozygous

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13
Q

when alleles of the pair of chromosomes are different with regard to a specific characteristic

A

heterozygous

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14
Q

when some genes that are passed through are always expressed regardless of the gene they are paired with while other genes will be expressed only if paired with another recessive gene

A

dominant-recessive inheritance

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15
Q

when an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait and the dominant trait is expressed, this individual becomes a

A

carrier

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16
Q

genetic inheritance pattern in which both genes influence the characteristic

A

incomplete dominance

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17
Q

causes red blood cells to become crescent, or sickle, shaped; about 5% of African Americans newborns carry this recessive trait

A

sickle cell trait

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18
Q

most traits are a function of the interaction of many genes

A

polygenic inheritance

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19
Q

refers to the instance in which the expression of a gene is determined by whether it is inherited from the mother or the father

A

genomic imprinting

20
Q

a common recessive disorder that prevents the body from producing an enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine (an amino acid) from proteins

A

phenylketonuria (PKU)

21
Q

a dominant-recessive disorder carried on the X chromosome; an intellectual disability

A

Fragile X syndrome

22
Q

a condition in which the blood does not clot normally; a recessive disease inherited through genes on the X chromosomes

A

hemophilia

23
Q

most widely known chromosome disorder; trisomy 21; an extra chromosome; occurs in about 1/1500 births

A

down syndrom

24
Q

males are born with an extra X chromosome

A

Klinefelter syndrome

25
Q

a condition that causes men to produce high levels of testosterone

A

Jacob’s syndrome

26
Q

occurs when a female is born with only one X chromosome; shows abnormal growth patterns

A

Turner syndrome

27
Q

sudden changes and abnormalities in the structure of genes that occur spontaneously or may be induced by exposure to environmental toxins such as radiation and agricultural chemicals in food

A

mutations

28
Q

helps to determine the risk that a couple’s future children will inherit genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities

A

genetic counseling

29
Q

the injection of sperm into a women

A

artificial insemination

30
Q

conception occurring outside of the womb

A

in vitro fertilization

31
Q

alternative form of reproduction in which a women is impregnated and carries a fetus to term and agrees to turn the baby over to a couple who will raise the it

A

surrogacy

32
Q

high-frequency sound waves directed at the mother’s abdomen provide clear images of the womb represented on a video monitor

A

ultrasound

33
Q

applies MRI technology to image the fetus’s body and diagnose malformations

A

fetal MRI

34
Q

a prenatal diagnostic procedure in which a small sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus is extracted from the mother’s uterus through a long, hollow needle that is guided by ultrasound as it is inserted into the mother’s abdomen

A

amniocentesis

35
Q

samples genetic material and can be conducted earlier than amniocentesis, between 9 and 12 weeks of pregnancy

A

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

36
Q

a technique that uses a small camera to examine and perform procedures on the fetus during pregnancy

A

fetoscopy

37
Q

genetic makeup

A

genotype

38
Q

the traits we ultimately show

A

phenotype

39
Q

the field of study that examines how genes and experiences combine to influence the diversity of human traits, abilities, and behaviors

A

behavioral genetics

40
Q

the extent to which variation among people on a given characteristic is due to genetic differences

A

heritability

41
Q

the dynamic interplay between our genes and our environment

A

gene-environment interactions

42
Q

a wide range of potential expressions of a genetic trait, depending on environmental opportunities and constraints

A

range of reaction

43
Q

heredity narrows the range of development to only one or a few outcomes

A

canalization

44
Q

the idea that many of our traits are supported by both out genes and environment

A

gene-environment correlation

45
Q

the tendency to actively seek out experiences and environments compatible and supportive of our genetic tendencies

A

niche-picking

46
Q

our genes expressed as different phenotypes in different contexts or situations

A

epigenetics

PSYC 377 (14 decks)

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