Ch 6 Test: Punishment Flashcards
If a behavior occurs and it is immediately followed by a consequence that makes the behavior less likely to occur in the future it is called:
punishment
Bill spits on an umpire during a baseball game and is suspended for ten games. As a result of being suspended, Bill never spits on an umpire again. Being suspended for his behavior of spitting is referred to as a:
punisher
In behavior modification, a punisher is defined by its:
effect on the behavior it follows
A consequence can be considered a punisher if the:
behavior decreases in the future
In behavior modification, the term punishment is used to refer to a process in which the consequence of a behavior results in:
a weakening of the behavior
Andrew was removed from class because he swore at his teacher. As a result of being removed from class activities, Andrew never swears at his teacher again. This is an example of:
negative punishment
Which procedure(s) decreases a behavior or makes it less likely to occur?
positive punishment
Andrew was removed from class because he swore at his teacher. As a result of being removed from class activities, Andrew continues to swear at his teacher. This is an example of: a) positive punishment b) negative punishment c) positive reinforcement d) none of the above
d
Nicole is caught lying to her parents and loses her driving privileges. As a result, Nicole no longer lies to her parents. This is an example of:
negative punishment
Nikki interrupts her parents when they are talking and her parents scold her and explain why interrupting is rude. As a result, Nikki continues to interrupt her parents when they are talking. This is an example of:
positive reinforcement
The difference between punishment and reinforcement is that in punishment:
the behavior decreases in the future
Sam skips school so that he can play video games at the arcade. Sam’s parents find him there and make him mow the lawn when they get home. As a result of having to mow the lawn, Sam doesn’t skip school to go to the arcade anymore. Having to do something he dislikes as punisher for the problem behavior is an example of:
the Premack Principle
Which of the following is an example of negative punishment? a) time-out from positive reinforcement b) time-out from negative reinforcement c) response cost d) A and C
d
Time-out from positive reinforcement and response cost both:
involve the loss of access to reinforcers
In behavior modification, negative punishment involves removal of a reinforcer that:
the person had already acquired
If following the behavior, the reinforcer that was maintaining the behavior is removed and the behavior decreases it is called ____________. If a positive reinforcer the person had already acquired is removed following the behavior and the behavior decreases it is called ____________.
extinction; negative punishment
Extreme cold and extreme levels of auditory stimulation are examples of:
unconditioned punishers
A conditioned punisher is established by
pairing a neutral stimulus with a punisher
If a stimulus needs to be paired with an established punisher in order to function as a punisher it is referred to as a(n):
conditioned punisher
Which of the following can become a conditioned punisher? a ) the word “no” b) threats c) facial expressions d) all of these
d
The principles of reinforcement and punishment are alike in that: a) behavior is followed by a consequence b) the consequence influences future behavior c) behavior is strengthened d) A and B
d
Zach comes home past his curfew and is yelled at by his parents. If, as a result of being yelled at, Zach never comes home late again it would be an example of ____________.
positive punishment
Which of the following factors influences the effectiveness of punishment? a) immediacy b) contingency c) motivating operations d) all of these
d
In behavior modification, if a stimulus is presented following the behavior and it influences the future probability of the behavior, the process is either ____________ or ____________.
positive reinforcement ; positive punishment
The removal of a stimulus following the behavior that influences the future probability of the behavior is a process that is either ____________ or ____________.
negative punishment ; negative reinforcement
In order for punishment to be effective, the consequence should follow the behavior closely in time. This factor is referred to as:
immediacy
Whenever Tommy hits his little brother, he loses his television privileges. Tommy never loses his television privileges for any other behavior. This is an example of a(an) ____________ existing between hitting his little brother and losing his television privileges.
contingency
Which of the following may function as an motivating operation? a) deprivation b) satiation c) instructions d) all of these
d
Individual differences in the effectiveness of punishment refers to the fact that:
punishers vary from person to person
Which of the following is NOT a problem with using punishment in behavior modification? a) it can lead to escape behaviors b) it may evoke emotional reactions c) it may be negatively reinforcing d) it is used to harm individuals
d
Punishment is defined as _______.
behavior that results in a consequence that weakens the behavior in the future
A _______ is a consequence that follows a behavior, making the behavior less likely to occur in the future.
punisher or aversive stimulus
The difference between positive and negative punishment is whether the consequence of the behavior involves the _______ or _______ of a stimulus.
delivery, removal
The Premack principle applied to punishment is defined as _______________.
low probability behavior contingent on a high probability behavior
Time out is an example of _______ punishment.
negative
Nicholas used to come home late for supper until his parents started to take away a dollar of his allowance every time he was late. Nicholas’ behavior of coming home late decreased to zero. This is an example of what form of negative punishment?
response cost
An unconditioned punisher is _______ .
a naturally punishing stimulus
A conditioned punisher is _______ .
a stimulus that is punishing because it was paired with another punisher
When a punisher is delivered following a target behavior, the target behavior will __________ in the future.
decrease
_______________ is the process in which a stimulus is delivered following a behavior and the behavior decreases in the future.
positive punishment
_______________ is the process in which a stimulus is removed following a behavior and the behavior decreases in the future.
negative punishment
Punishment by application is another name for _______________ punishment.
positive
Punishment by withdrawal is another name for _______________ punishment.
negative
True or False
Punishment can be defined by whether the consequence appears unfavorable or unpleasant.
F
True or False
The behavior modification definition of punishment can be quite different than a nonprofessional definition of punishment.
T
True or False
Punishment can sometimes increase behavior in the future.
F
True or False
Punishment does not involve an extinction burst.
T
True or False
For punishment to be most effective, the consequences must follow the behavior immediately.
T
True or False
For punishment to be most effective, the behavior should be followed by a punisher every time it occurs.
T
True or False
Punishment is a process that decreases or weakens a behavior.
T
True or False
Positive punishment involves the removal of a positive stimulus following the behavior.
F
True or False
Negative punishment involves the delivery of a negative stimulus following the behavior.
F
True or False
The word “no” is an unconditioned punisher for most people.
F
True or False
A more intense punisher will be less effective.
F
List 4 factors that influence the effectiveness of punishment.
- immediacy
- consistency of the consequence
- motivating operations
- characteristics of the consequence.
Describe how the use of punishment can be negatively reinforcing
When punishment is used, it results in an immediate decrease in the problem behavior. If the behavior that is decreased by punishment is aversive to the person using punishment, the use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the termination of the aversive behavior. As a result, the person is more likely to use punishment in the future in similar circumstances.
Provide an example of positive punishment and an example of negative punishment.
An example of positive punishment is Donny pulled Susie’s hair and Susie smacked Donny. As a result, Donny did not pull Susie’s hair in the future. An example of negative punishment is Taren threw her favorite toy across the room, and her mother took the toy and locked it up. As a result, Taren is less likely to throw her toys in the future.
Describe the difference between negative punishment and extinction.
In negative punishment, the occurrence of a behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus, and as a result, the behavior is less likely to occur in the future. Negative punishment involves removal of a reinforcer that was not maintaining the behavior. Extinction occurs when a behavior which has been previously reinforced no longer results in reinforcing consequences and, therefore, the behavior stops occurring in the future. Extinction involves withholding a reinforcer that was maintaining the behavior.
Define punishment.
Punishment is when a particular behavior occurs, a consequence immediately follow the behavior, and as a result, the behavior is less likely to occur again in the future (behavior is weakened).
How does positive punishment differ from negative punishment?
Positive punishment involves the presentation of a stimulus whereas negative punishment involves the removal of a stimulus following the behavior. Both result in the weakening of the behavior in the future.
