Ch 3 Test: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change Flashcards
In behavior modification, the main way to document behavior change is through the use of a(n):
graph
The two variables represented on a graph are: a) the independent and dependent variables b) time and behavior c) the extraneous and controlling variables d) frequency and outcome
b
A data point on a graph tells you: a) when the behavior was recorded b) the level of behavior c) what is causing the behavior d) A and B
d
The horizontal axis in a graph is used to record:
time
The level of the target behavior is recorded on the: a) horizontal axis b) vertical axis c) x-axis d) abscissa
b
There are ________ components necessary for a graph to be complete.
six
On a graph ___________ is indicated on the Y axis and ________________ is indicated on the X axis.
behavior, time
Which of the following is NOT necessary for a graph to be complete? a) phase lines b) data points c) x-axis and y-axis d) behavior change
d
A vertical line on a graph indicating a change in treatment is called a:
phase line
Which dimension(s) of behavior can be graphed? a) frequency b) duration c) intensity d) all of these
d
In behavior modification, a research design is used to:
determine if the treatment changed the behavior
Billy has trouble sitting still in class, so his teacher implements a program in which she praises Billy for staying in his seat. Billy’s sitting behavior increases, and the teacher concludes her praise was responsible. The teacher does not realize Billy has started taking medication that causes fatigue. The medication would be an example of a(n) __________ variable.
extraneous
An A-B design does not demonstrate a functional relationship between the treatment and the target behavior because there is no:
replication
A researcher demonstrates that receiving gold stickers for completing math problems increases the number of problems that a student finishes. The researcher has demonstrated a _____________ relationship between receiving gold stickers and completing math problems.
functional
In behavior modification, a research design involves: a) estimation b) treatment implementation c) replication d) B and C
d
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of an A-B design? a) it is used to compare baseline and treatment b) it is used in applied settings c) it demonstrates a functional relationship d) it is the simplest type of design
c
A teacher records the biting behavior of a child before and after treatment is implemented. This is an example of a(n) ____________ design.
A-B
Which research design is referred to as a reversal design? a) A-B b) A-B-A-B c) Multiple-baseline d) Changing-criterion
b
In an A-B-A-B design, B refers to ______________ and A refers to _________________.
treatment, baseline
What should be taken into account before using an A-B-A-B design? a) Is it ethical to remove treatment? b) Can treatment be removed? c) Will the level of behavior reverse? d) all of these
d
Which of the following is a type of multiple-baseline design? a) across-subjects b) across- staff c) across-time d) all of these
a
A researcher records the hair pulling behavior of three different children in a classroom and implements treatment at a different time for each child. The researcher is using a(n) _____________ design.
multiple-baseline-across-subjects
A researcher is interested in measuring the hitting and screaming behaviors of a child, treating the hitting first, and treating the screaming later. To do this, the researcher would use a(n) ____________ design.
multiple-baseline-across-behaviors
A researcher records a child’s crying behavior when the child is at school and when the child is at home and provides treatment at school then at home. The researcher is using a(n) _____________ design.
multiple-baseline-across-settings
A critical feature of multiple-baseline designs is that: a) baselines differ in length b) treatment is staggered over time c) A and B d) none of these
c
In a(n) _____________ research design, baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared to each other.
alternating-treatments
The research design in which there are increasing (or decreasing) goal levels for the target behavior is referred to as a(n) ____________ design.
changing-criterion
Which research design does NOT control for the effect of confounding variables?
A-B
To determine whether a new drug decreases self-injurious behavior, the researcher measures self-injurious behavior while giving a subject the drug on even numbered days and giving a placebo on odd numbered days for two weeks. This is an example of a(n) ____________________ design.
alternating treatments
To determine whether a new drug decreases self-injurious behavior, the researcher measures the self-injurious behavior of 3 children, and then gives the drug to the first child after one week. After two weeks of baseline, the second child gets the drug and after 3 weeks of baseline, the third child gets the drug. This is an example of a(n)___________ design.
multiple baseline across subjects
A ________ is a visual representation of the occurrence of a behavior over time.
graph
On a graph in behavior modification, the _____ axis shows the level of the behavior.
Y
On a graph in behavior modification, the _____ axis shows the units of time.
X
In an A-B design, A= _________ and B= __________.
baseline; treatment
In a multiple baseline across subjects design, there is a baseline and treatment phase for __________ behavior(s) of __________ subject(s).
one; two or more
In a multiple baseline across behaviors design, there is a baseline and treatment phase for __________ behavior(s) of __________ subject(s).
two or more; one
In a multiple baseline across settings design, there is a baseline and treatment phase for ________ behavior(s) of _________ subject(s) in __________ setting(s).
one; one; two or more
In a __________________ research design, baseline and treatment sessions occur in rapid succession.
alternating treatment
In a(n) __________________ research design, there is a baseline phase followed by a treatment phase and then another baseline and treatment phase.
A-B-A-B
In a(n) ___________________ research design, there is a baseline and a treatment phase and, in the treatment phase, there are different criterion levels for the behavior.
changing criterion
T or F
The units of behavior are labeled on the Y axis of a graph.
T
T or F
Data points should be connected across phase lines.
F
T or F
A-B designs are frequently used in behavior modification research.
F
T or F
In the A-B-A-B reversal design, baseline and treatment are implemented twice for one behavior of one subject.
T
T or F
Phase labels on a graph are typically put below the X axis.
F
T or F
In a multiple baseline across behaviors design, treatment is first implemented for one behavior of the subject and is then implemented later for a second behavior of the same subject.
T
T or F
A functional relationship between the treatment and the behavior is demonstrated in a multiple baseline across subjects design when the behavior of each subject changes only after the treatment is implemented for that subject.
T
T or F
In an alternating treatments design, the baseline is implemented for a long period of time and then the treatment is implemented for a long period of time.
F
T or F
Each data point on a graph shows you the level of the behavior at a particular point in time.
T
T or F
When you demonstrate that a behavior modification procedure caused a behavior to change, you are demonstrating a functional relationship.
T
Does the A-B design demonstrate a functional relationship? Why or why not?
- No.
- You determine that a functional relationship exists when the target behavior changes if and only if the procedure is implemented and the process is repeated one or more times.
- There is no replication in an AB design.
What does it mean to say that treatment is staggered in a multiple baseline design?
Treatment is implemented at different times over time.
