Ch. 6 Learning Flashcards
Learning
aka behaviorism came after psychodynamic theory
Observational Learning
learning from watching others (money see monkey do) aka social learning theory
Albert Bandura
top 5 most influential psychologists ever famous behaviorist
bobo doll study
Bandura’s most famous study on observational learning
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. two types classical condition and operant conditioning
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. first called Pavlovian conditioning because of his dog experiment
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that at first elicits no response
conditioning
learning through environment
unconditioned
not learned, natural
unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
unconditioned stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
reciprocal determinism
thinking affects behavior, behavior affects environment
acquisition
refers to the initial stage of learning something
extinction
the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposer to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
when an organism that responds one way to a specific stimulus responds the same way to a new but similar
stimulus discrimination
when an organism that responds one way to a specific stimulus doesn’t respond that way to a new but simular stimulus
higher order conditioning
when a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
shaping
the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired response
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
preparedness
makes sense/ helps us survive, one trail to learn
one trail
life threateimg, survival, severe response
Edward Thorndike
important guy first to think of operant conditioning
BF Skinner
also importnat, experimented on rats
insturumental learning
what Thorndike called operant conditioning (responses controlled by behavior )
law of effect
what Thorndike called reinforcement
punishment
decrease the likely hood that the behavior will happen again, weakens the behavior
Reinforcement
if the result is good, increases the likely hood that he behavior will be repeated.
positive reinforcement
consequence adds something that makes the behavior stronger
negative reinforcement
consequence takes something away that makes the behavior stronger
postive punishment
the couquence adds something that will weaken the behavior
negative punishment
the consequence takes something that decreases the behavior
continuous reinforcement
reinforced every time best used durning aqusituion
partial/intermittent reinforcement
only reinforced some of the time most resistant to extinction
Fixed ration
reinforcement like every set come wait to see that
fixed internal
reinforcement is given after a certain amount of time
variable ratio
reinforced after a variable number of non reinforcements
variable interval
reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
partial/intermittent reinforcement
only reinforced some of the time most resistant to extinction
Shuttle box
two room skinner box with one siding haveing an eclectic fork
escape learning behavior
encounters adverse stimulus and leaves stimulus while it is happening
avoidance learning again
rat sees light and moves before shoch
primary reinforcer
satisfy biological needs - used with animals
secondary reinforcer
satisfy not biological needs - used with humans
Edward Tolman
disproved 2 of skinners theories using rats in a maze
cognitive map
mental map of the maze the rats were doing
latent learning
learning that is not shown.
