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Bio 30 > Ch 6 - Genes & Heredity > Flashcards

Ch 6 - Genes & Heredity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Genes

A

Segment of DNA that controls a trait

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1
Q

The passing of traits from parent to offspring is called?

A

Heredity

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2
Q

Hybrids

A

Offspring that differ from their parents in one or more traits

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3
Q

Gregor Mendel

A
  • father of genetics

- experiments with garden peas.

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4
Q

Mendel choose the garden pea because…

A

Had a number of different characteristics

Could both self fertilize and cross fertilize

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5
Q

True-breeding

A
  • Mendel tryed to use

- exhibit the same traits as their parents, same as in every following generation

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6
Q

Dominant

A

Strong

Determines the expressed gene

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7
Q

Recessive

A

Weak

Overruled by dominant genes

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8
Q

F1 generation

A

The first generation

Filial generation

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9
Q

Genotype

A

Tt, TT, tt

Dominant- capital
Recessive-lowercase

Always use same letter.

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable traits

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11
Q

Homozygous

A

Both genes are the same

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12
Q

Heterozygous

A

Genotype that are different

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13
Q

Alleles

A

2 or more alternate forms of a gens

Red white

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14
Q

Single - trait inheritance

A

Mono hybrid cross

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15
Q

Punnnet square, is used to find…..

A

Genotype and phenotype

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16
Q

Test cross

A
  • determine the genotype of dominant phenotype

- preformed between the unknown genotype and homozygous recessive genotype

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17
Q

Multiple alleles..

A

Most traits have more then two alleles (or options)

18
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

-when two genes are equally dominant and interact to produce a new phenotype

19
Q

Different types of incomplete dominance

A
  • Intermediate inheritance

- Codominance

20
Q

Intermediate inheritance

A

When a totally different phenotype is expressed

21
Q

Codominance

A

When both genes are expressed at the same time.

22
Q

Dihybrid crosses

A
  • use foil

- ratio 9:3:3:1 –both heterozygous for both and complete dominant

23
Q

Probability

A

Number of chances for an event / number of possible combinations

24
Q

When determining probabilities

2 rules must be followed

A
  1. The rule of independent events -pervious events don’t effect future events
  2. The product rule- multiply probabilities
25
Q

Selective breeding

A

The crossing of desired traits to produce offspring with these desired traits

26
Q 
Gene interaction
(Test cross)
A

Polygenetic traits
Epistatic genes
Pleiotropic genes

27
Q

Polygenetic traits

A

Inherited characteristics that are affected by more then one gene.

-one gene doing more then one thing

28
Q

Epistaxis genes

A

Mask the expression of other genes

29
Q

Pleiotropic genes

A

Genes that affect many characteristics

30
Q

Thomas hunt Morgan

A

Provided a deeper understanding of gender and the inheritance of some characteristics

31
Q

Morgan observed…

A

Drosophila had 8 chromosomes
-females had 4 homologous pairs
-males had 3 homologous pairs
And the 4th set (the sex chromosomes) were not homologous

32
Q

Morgan reasoned that..

A

Eye color of this fruit fly was a sex-linked trait

-carried on the X or Y chromosomes

33
Q

Sex-linked traits are also found in humans

A
  • Red-green color blindness
  • male pattern baldness
  • hemophilia :blood loss

X-linked (more common)
Y-linked (less common)

34
Q

The first 22 pairs are called…..

The last pair is…

A

Autosomes

Sex-chromosomes & determine gender

35
Q

Linked genes

A
  • Genes located on the same chromosome

- tend to be transmitted together

36
Q

Crossing over

A
  • during meiosis
  • come in contact with each other
  • genetic material is exchanged
37
Q

Mapping chromosomes

-map distance

A

-The distance between two genes along the same chromosome

Written as map units (separation) or cross-over frequencies

The further apart the higher frequency of cross-overs

38
Q

Genome

A

Is the complete set of DNA in a person

39
Q

Gene therapy

A

Gene insertion
Gene modification
Gene surgery

40
Q

Gene insertion

A

The normal gene from Another cell is inserted into position on the diseased cell

41
Q

Gene modification

A

The defective gene is modified chemically -to recode the genetic message

42
Q

Gene surgery

A

Most ambitious

The defective gene is extracted and replaced with a normal gene

Bio 30 (8 decks)

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