Ch 6: Ethics

Question 1

Animal rights

Answer 1

Guidelines used to protect the rights of animals in the conduct of research

Question 2

Anonymity

Answer 2

The participants identity cannot be discerned, even by the researcher, from his or her individual responses

Question 3

Assent

Answer 3

An aspect of informed consent that pertains to protecting the rights of children as research subjects. Includes: basic understanding by the child of what they will expected to do / what will be done to them, purpose of research, preference regarding participation.

Question 4

Beneficence

Answer 4

The obligation to do no harm and maximize possible benefits. Efforts are made to secure well-being.

Question 5

Benefits

Answer 5

Potential positive outcomes of participation in a research study

Question 6

Confidentiality

Answer 6

The individual identities of participants will not be linked to the information they provide and will not be publicly divulged.

Question 7

Consent

Answer 7

Agreement to participate in a study

Question 8

Ethics

Answer 8

The theory or discipline dealing with principles of moral values and moral conduct.

Question 9

Informed consent

Answer 9

Legal principle that requires a researcher to inform individuals about the potential benefits and risks of a study before individuals can participate voluntarily. Must be given without manipulation, undue influence, or coercion.

Question 10

Justice

Answer 10

Subjects should be treated fairly. An injustice occurs when benefit to which a person is entitled is denied without good reason or when a burden is imposed unduly.

Question 11

Process consent

Answer 11

Voluntary continued participation in a study, which can be verbal, for each data-collection point.

Question 12

Research ethics board

Answer 12

Panels that review research projects to assess whether ethical standards are met in relation to the protection of the rights of human participants.

Question 13

Respect for Persons

Answer 13

People have the right to self-determination and to treatment as autonomous agents. They have the freedom to participate or not participate in research. Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection.

Question 14

Risk-benefit ratio

Answer 14

The extent to which the benefits of the study are maximized, and the risks are minimized, so that participants are protected from harm during the study.

Question 15

Risks

Answer 15

The potential negative outcomes of participation in a research study.

Question 16

Five levels of harm and discomfort

Answer 16

1. No anticipated effects
2. Temporary discomfort
3. Unusual level of temporary discomfort
4. Risk of permanent damage
5. Certainty of permanent damage

Question 17

Elements of Informed Consent (9)

Answer 17

• Reasonably foreseeable risks, discomforts, benefits
• Alternative procedures or treatments
• Confidentiality
• Compensation for research or injury
• Who to go to with questions
• Participants rights
• Voluntary participation
• Probability of random assignment
• Special qualifications of investigator

Question 18

REB Criteria

Answer 18

At least 5 members of various backgrounds, both men and women.
At least 2 professionals with relevant experience.
At least 1 participant knowledgeable in ethics.
At least 1 participant knowledgeable in the relevant law.
At least 1 community member unaffiliated with the institution.