CH. 6 Chem slides Flashcards
The daily functioning of our bodies is based on…
Chemical reactions.
The effects of cosmetics & beauty products are based on…
How the body reacts to chemicals.
The science that deals w/ the composition, structures, & properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
Chemistry.
Any substance that occupies space & has mass.
Exists in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas.
Matter.
Cannot be reduced without loss of identity..
Elements.
Chemical combination of two or more atoms.
Molecules.
The basic unit of matter, with a nucleus at the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
Atoms.
Chemical combination of atoms of the same element.
Elemental molecule.
Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction & that do not involve a chemical change in the substance.
Physical properties.
Chemical compounds of two or more atoms of different elements, in fixed proportions.
Compound molecule.
Change in a substance’s chemical composition.
Creates new substances w/ different properties.
Chemical change.
A chemical combination of matter in a definite (fixed) proportion.
Have unique properties.
Pure substances.
Physical combination of matter in any proportion.
Combined properties of the substances in a mixture.
Physical mixtures.
mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form solutions.
Miscible liquids.
Not capable of being mixed to form stable solutions.
Immiscible liquids.
Unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid.
Suspension.
Unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances, plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.
Emulsion.
Ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable mixture.
Emulsifiers.
A stable, uniform mixture of two or more substances in a solvent.
Solution.
The dissolved substance in a solution.
Solute.
The substance, usually liquid, which dissolves another substance to form a solution, with no change in chemical composition.
Solvent.
Substances that allow oil & water to mix, or emulsify.
Surfactants.
Semisolids made with any combination of petroleum, oil, & wax.
Ointments.
Physical mixture of two solids.
Powders.
Soaps were the first…
Surfactants.
Evaporate easily
Ex: Isopropyl alcohol, Ethyl alcohol
Volatile alcohols.
Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products. Often used in place of ammonia.
Alkanolamines.
Colorless w/ pungent odor.
Composed of nitrogen & hydrogen.
Ammonia.
Sweet, colorless, oily substance.
Used as a solvent & moisturizer.
Glycerin.
Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, & nail polish dryers.
Silicone.
Compounds that contain carbon (organic) & evaporate very easily (volatile).
Volatile organic compound.
Refers to how prolonged, repeated, or long term exposure to certain product ingredients can cause sensitivity in some people.
Overexposure.
Used to describe hoe overexposure determines toxicity.
It is the dose of a substance that determines whether it will have a negative, poisonous effect on the body.
Overexposure principle.
Atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.
Ion.
Separation of an atom or molecule into positive & negative ions.
Ionization.
ion with a negative electrical charge.
Anion
Ion with a positive electrical charge.
Cation.
A measure of the acidity & alkalinity of a substance.
The pH scale.
Below 7 on the pH scale indicates…
An acidic solution.
Above 7 on the pH scale indicates…
An alkaline solution.
Means multiples of 10.
The pH is scale is this because a change of one whole number represents a tenfold change in pH.
Logarithm.
Owe their chemical reactivity to the hydrogen ion.
Acids.
Derived from plants (mostly fruit) & are examples of acids often used in salons to exfoliate the skin & to help adjust the pH of a lotion, conditioner, or cream.
Alpha hydroxy acids.
Colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions to contract & close the hair cuticle.
Thioglycolic acid.
Alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation & to lower pH of products.
Glycolic acid.
Owe their chemical reactivity to the hydroxide ion (OH-).
Term is interchangeable with bases.
Feel slippery & soapy on the skin.
Alkalis.
Chemical reaction that combines a substance w/ oxygen to produce an oxide.
Oxidation.
Substance that releases oxygen.
(Hydrogen peroxide is this).
Oxidizing agent.
Refers to either the loss of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen.
Reduction.
Substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound.
Reducing agent.
A chemical reaction in which oxidation & reduction take place at the same time.
AKA redox.
Oxidation-reduction.
Chemical reaction in which heat is released.
Exothermic reaction.
The rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat & light.
Combustion.
Chemical reaction that requires the absorption of energy or heat from an external source for the reaction to actually occur.
Ex: permanent waving lotion that required the application of heat from a hood dryer to activate it.
Endothermic reaction.
Products that should not be mixed or even stored next to each other.
Incompatible.
OSHA required.
Previously MSDS.
16 categories, 9 pictograms.
Must be accessible to all.
Safety Data Sheets (SDS).
SDS CATEGORY 1:
Includes the name of the product & contact info for the manufacturer or distributor.
Also contains recommended use & restrictions on use.
Identification.
SDS CATEGORY 2:
Lists all hazards associated w/ the product & includes hazard classification (flammable, etc.), precautionary statements, & hazard pictograms.
Hazard identification.
SDS CATEGORY 3:
Identifies the ingredients of the products, including concentrations used in mixtures & when chemicals have been withheld due to a trade secret.
Composition/info on ingredients.
SDS CATEGORY 4:
Includes short & long term symptoms & first aid instructions.
First-aid measures.
SDS CATEGORY 5:
Lists suitable (& unsuitable) fire extinguishers, any chemical hazards associated w/ a fire, & recommended protective equipment or precautions.
Fire-fighting measures.
SDS CATEGORY 6:
Provides instructions for proper cleanup of a spill, protective equipment needed, & emergency measures to follow.
Accidental release measures.
SDS CATEGORY 9:
Consists of a minimum of 18 properties, from color to pH to viscosity.
Unknown or irrelevant properties of a product must be noted.
Physical & chemical properties.
SDS CATEGORY 10:
Provides info on the environmental, stability, & reaction risks associated w/ the product
Stability & reactivity.q
SDS CATEGORY 11:
Details the risks of exposure, including symptoms like skin irritation, & measure of toxicity.
Toxicological information.
SDS CATEGORY 12:
Covers the impact of the chemical on the environment, such as groundwater absorption or danger to plants & animals.
Ecological information.
SDS CATEGORY 13:
Lists any procedures for disposal.
Disposal considerations.
SDS CATEGORY 14:
Provides guidelines & restrictions for safe transportation.
Transport information.
SDS CATEGORY 15:
Includes any specific safety, health, or environmental regulations.
Regulatory information.
Indicates when the SDS was created or last updated.
Other information.
Substance that causes or is believed to cause cancer.
Carcinogen.
Substance that may cause cancer but not always.
Cause an increase in cellular mutations, some of which are harmful; others have little or no effect on the body’s function.
Mutagen.
Material is capable of igniting & burning.
Combustible.
Material is even easier to ignite than a combustible.
Flammable.
Dimethicone is another name for…
Silicone.
The hydrogen ion (+) is…
Acidic.
The hydroxide ion (-) is…
Alkaline.
lactic acid comes from…
Milk.
Glycolic acid comes from…
Fruits.
Mixing acids & alkalis in equal proportions form…
Water.
