CH. 2 Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
The basic unit of all living things, including bacteria, plants, & animals.
Responsible for carrying out all life processes.
Cells.
Made of protoplasm, a colorless, jelly-like substance in which protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, & water are present.
Cells.
Dense, active protoplasm found in the center.
Plays an important part in cell reproduction.
Contained in a nuclear membrane within the nucleus is the nucleoplasm, which is a fluid that contains proteins, & a very important acid known as deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA.
Nucleus.
The material or protoplasm within a living cell except the nucleus.
Cytoplasm.
Encloses the protoplasm & permits water-soluble substances to enter & leave the cell.
Cell membrane.
Small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function.
Organelle.
Most cells reproduce by dividing into two identical cells called daughter cells.
This process is known as…
Mitosis.
Adequate supply of food.
Adequate supply of oxygen.
Adequate supply of water.
Elimination of waste.
Suitable temperatures.
Requirements for cell growth.
Complex chemical process whereby the body cells are nourished & supplied energy needed to survive.
Cell metabolism.
Process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
Body stores water, food, & oxygen for when they are needed for growth & repair.
Anabolism.
Phase of breaking down larger substances or molecules into smaller ones.
Releases energy that can be stored & used for muscle contraction, secretion, or producing heat.
Catabolism.
What are the two phases of metabolism?
Anabolism & Catabolism.
How many types of tissues are there?
4
Serves to support, protect, & bind together tissues of the body.
Ex: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia, & adipose tissue (fat.)
Connective tissue.
Gives smoothness & contour to the body.
Adipose tissue.
Protective covering on the body’s surface, such as skin mucous membranes, lining of the heart, digestive & respiratory organs, & glands.
Epithelial tissue.
Contracts & moves various parts of the body.
Muscular tissue.
Carries messages to & from the brain & coordinates all body functions.
Nerve tissue.
Groups of tissues designed to perform a specific function.
Organs.
Groups of organs acting together to perform one or more functions.
Body systems.
Rigid network composed of 206 bones that vary in size & shape & are connected by moveable & immovable joints.
Skeletal system.
Give shape & support the body.
Protect various internal structures & organs.
Serve as attachments for muscles & act as levers to produce body movement.
Help produce both white & red blood cells. (one of the functions of bone marrow)
Store most of the body’s calcium supply as well as phosphorus, magnesium, & sodium.
Primary functions of the skeletal system.
Elbows, knees, & hips are…
Moveable joints.
Pelvis, & skull are…
Immovable joints.
Formed by 8 bones.
The cranium.
Consists of 14 bones.
The face.
How many bones does the human head contain?
22 bones.
The oval, bony case that shapes the top of the head & protects the brain.
The cranium.
Forms the lower back part of the cranium.
Occipital.
Forms the side & top of the cranium (crown).
Parietal (2)
Forms forehead.
Forntal.
Forms sides of head in ear region.
Temporal (2)
The light, spongy bone between eye sockets & forming part of the nasal cavities.
Ethmoid.
Joins together all the bones of the cranium.
Sphenoid.
Forms bridge of nose.
Nasal (2)
Small, fragile bones located at front part of the inner wall of eye sockets.
Lacrimal (2)
Forms cheeks or cheekbones.
Zygomatic (2)
Bones of upper jaw.
Maxillary (2)
Forms lower jaw bone, this is the largest & strongest bone of the face.
Mandible.
The bones of the neck consist of…
Hyoid bone.
Cervical vertebrae.
‘U’ shaped bone located in the front part of the throat just on top the Adam’s apple.
Hyoid bone.
Forms the top of the spinal column located in the neck region.
Cervical vertebrae.
The bones of the chest consist of…
Thorax.
Sternum.
An elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, & other delicate internal organs.
Thorax.
Breastbone.
Sternum.
The shoulder consists of…
Clavicle.
Scapula.
Clavivle.
Collarbone.
Scapula.
Shoulder blade.
Uppermost & largest bone of the arm.
Humerus.
Large bone on little finger side of forearm.
Ulna.
Small bone on the thumb side of forearm.
Radius.
(wrist) flexible joint composed of eight small irregular bones, held together by ligaments.
Carpus.
(palm) consists if five long slender bones.
Metacarpus.
(fingers or digits) consists of three in each finger & two in the thumb for a total of 14.
Phalanges.
The study of the structure function, & diseases of the muscles.
Myology.
How many types of muscles are there?
3
Controlled by will
Facial, arm, & leg muscles.
Voluntary muscles.
Smooth, involuntary muscles.
Function automatically.
Stomach or intestines.
Non-striated.
Heart muscle
Not found in any other part of the body.
Cardiac.
Usually directed from insertion to origin.
Pressure in massage.
Part that does not move.
Origin.
Part that moves.
Origin.
Middle part of muscle.
Belly.
Manual or electric…
Massage.
High frequency & faradic current.
Electric current.
Infrared or ultraviolet rays…
Light rays.
Steamers & warm steam towels…
Moist heat.
Through the nervous system…
Nerve impulses.
Certain acids and salts..
Chemicals.
How many muscles of the scalp?
4
Broad muscle; covers top of head.
Epicranius
Back part; draws scalp backward.
Occipitalis.
Front portion; causes wrinkles across forehead.
Frontalis.
Tendon that connects the occipitalis & frontalis.
Aponeurosis.
Muscles that coordinate to open & close the mouth.
Masseter
Temporalis
What spread our fingers?
Abductors.
Bring the fingers together.
Adductors.
What are the muscles of the neck?
Platysma.
Sternocleidomastoid.
Broad muscle that extends from the chest & shoulder muscles to the side of chin.
Depresses lower jaw & lip.
Platysma.
Muscle of the neck that lowers & rotates the head.
Sternocleidomastoid.
Muscles of the eyebrow.
Corrugator.
Oricularis Oculi.
Muscle beneath frontalis & orbitacularis oculi.
Draws the eyebrow down & in.
Produces vertical lines & used for frowning.
Corrugator.
Ring muscle of eye socket.
Closes eye.
Oricularis Occuli.
Forms flat band around upper & lower lips.
Wrinkles lips as in kissing or puckers.
Orbicularis Oris.
Draws corner of mouth out & back as in grinning.
Risorius.
Elevates lip as in laughing.
Zygomaticus.
Covers the front of chest.
Assists in swinging movement of arms.
Pectoralis major.
Muscle producing the contour of front & inner side of upper arm.
Lift forearm, turn palms upward.
Biceps.
Large triangular muscle covering shoulder joint.
Allows the arm to extend outward & to the side of the body.
Deltoid.
Large muscle that covers entire back of the upper arm.
Extends the forearm.
Triceps.
Made up of a series of muscles & strong tendons.
The forearm.
Straighten wrist, hand, & fingers to form a straight line.
Extensors.
Bend the wrist, draw hand up, & close fingers toward forearm.
Flexors.
Turn the hand inward so that palm faces downward.
Pronators.
Turns hand downward.
Rotates radius & palm downward.
Supinator.
Carry impulses or messages from sense organs to the brain, where sensations touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, or pleasure are experienced.
Sensory or afferent nerves.
Carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.
The transmitted impulses produce movement.
Motor or efferent nerves.
Aka the chief sensory nerve of the face & serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing.
Consists of three branches: opthalmic, mandibular, & maxillary.
Fifth cranial nerve.
Chief nerve of the face.
Emerges near the lower part of the ear, & its divisions & branches supply & control muscle of facial expression.
Seventh (facial) cranial nerve.
Controls the motions of the neck muscles.
Cervical nerves originate at the spinal cord, & their branches supply the muscles & scalp at the back of the head & neck.
Eleventh cranial nerve.
Thick-walled muscular & elastic tubes that carry pure blood (oxygenated) AWAY FROM THE HEART to the capillaries.
Arteries.
Minute, thin-walled vessels that connect smaller arteries to veins.
Provide tissues with nourishment & elimination of waste products.
Capillaries.
Thin-walled vessels, less elastic than arteries.
Contain cup-like valves that prevent back flow of impure blood from capillaries back TO THE HEART.
Located closer to the outer surface of the body than arteries.
Veins.
Supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, & nose.
Facial artery aka external maxillary artery.
Controls steady circulation of blood through the body by means of heart & blood vessels.
The Circulatory system.
Consists of heart & blood vessels: Heart, arteries, veins, & capillaries for distribution of blood.
Blood vascular system.
Blood goes from the heart to lungs for purification.
Pulmonary circulation.
Blood goes through the body to the heart.
Systemic or general circulation.
Tubelike structures that transport blood to & from the heart & then to various tissues of the body.
Blood vessels.
Carry oxygen to cells.
Produced in red bone marrow.
Red blood cells.
A complex iron protein that gives blood its bright red color.
Hemoglobin.
AKA leukocytes
Destroy disease causing germs.
White blood cells.
Composed of red & white corpuscles, platelets, plasma, & hemoglobin.
Blood.
AKA thrombocytes.
Smaller than red blood cells.
Important in the blood clotting process.
Platelets.
Fluid part of the blood.
Straw-colored, about 90% water.
Contains proteins, sugars, & oxygen.
Carries food & secretions to cells & carbon dioxide from cells.
Plasma.
Made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, & lymph vessels.
Lymphatic/ Immune system.
Carries nourishment from blood to body cells.
Acts as a defense against invading bacteria & toxins.
Removes waste material from the cells to the blood.
Provides a suitable fluid environment for the cells.
Primary functions of the lymph vascular system.
Tubelike ducts or canals that lead from the gland to particular body part.
Includes sweat & oil glands of the skin.
Exocrine or duct glands.
Secrete hormones, such as insulin, adrenaline, & estrogen.
Stimulate functional activity or secreetion in other parts of the body.
Endocrine glands or ductless glands.
Responsible for the purification of the body.
Includes the kidneys, intestines, & lungs.
The Excretory System.
Excrete urin.
Kidneys.
Discharges bile.
Liver.
Eliminates perspiration.
Skin.
Eliminates decomposed & undigested food.
Large intestine.
Exhale carbon dioxide.
Lungs.
Oxygen is absorbed into the blood.
Inhalation.
Carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs.
Exhalation.
Made up of the skin & its various accessory organs, such as oil & sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, & nails.
Integumentary system.
