Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

esthe state board > CH. 3 Physiology & Histology > Flashcards

CH. 3 Physiology & Histology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the structure & composition of skin tissue.

A

Skin Histology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The study of living organisms.

A

Physiology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Largest & one of the most important organs of the body.

A

Integumentary system (skin).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the thinnest skin on the body?

A

Eyelids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is the thickest skin on the body?

A

Palms & Soles of feet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Appendages of the skin include…

A

Hair, nails, sweat, & oil glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Acid mantle is made up of…

A

sebum, lipids, sweat, & water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Acid mantle has an average pH of…

A

5.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Skin’s mechanism that protects from irritation & intercellular trans-epidermal water loss.

A

Barrier function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Caused by evaporation on the skin surface.

A

TEWL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Substances that contribute to the barrier function of the epidermis.

A

Lipids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The intercellular cement between epidermal cells is made up of…

A

Lipids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The pigment in the eyes, hair, & skin that gives us some protection from UV rays emitted by the sun.

A

Melanin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most abundant in the fingertips, thus are designed to be one of the most sensitive parts of the body.

A

Sensory nerve fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Average body temp is…

A

98.6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Accomplished by constriction of blood vessels & decreased blood flow. When the arrector pili muscles contract and cause “goose bumps”

A

Protection from cold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fat layers help insulate & warm the body.

A

Protection from heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Millions of sweat glands release heat from the body through…

A

Perspiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Excrete perspiration & detoxify the body by excreting excess water, salt, & unwanted chemicals through the pores.

A

Sudoriferous Glands. (aka sweat glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sweat like sebum is part of the…

A

Acid Mantle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Opening for the sweat glands…

A

Pores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

An oily substance that protects the surface of the skin & lubricates the skin & hair.

A

Sebum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Soften the skin, & protect skin from outside elements

A

Sebaceous Glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Slows evaporation.

A

Sebum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Penetration is determined by…

A

The size of the molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Means “between” the cells.

A

Intercellular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Means “across” or through the cells.

A

Transcellular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis & Dermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Outermost & thinnest layer of the skin.
Contains no blood vessels.
Has many nerve endingd & is composed of 5 layers.

A

Epidermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Composed of keratin, comprise 95% of the epidermis.
Contain both protein & lipids.

A

Keratinocyte.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The mother cells that divide in the basal layer forming new daughter cells.

A

Stem cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Composed of 5 layers called strata.

A

Epidermis layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Top outermost layer of the epidermis.
Thin yet waterproof, permeable regenerates itself, detoxifies the body, & responds to stimuli.

AKA the horny layer.

A

Stratum Corneum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The shedding of keratinocytes between skin cells.

A

Desquamation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Flat, scaly keratinized cells also called keratinocytes.

A

Squamous cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The average cell turnover rate for the skin cells of the epidermis is…

A

28 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The clear, transparent layer just under the skin surface.

It consists of small cells through which light can pass.
Also forms our unique fingerprints & footprints.

A

Stratum Lucidum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Consists of cells that look like distinct granules & they are filled w/ keratin.
The production of keratin & intercellular lipids also take place here.

A

Stratum Granulosum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Above the Stratum germinativum.

AKA the spiny layer.

A

Stratum Spinosum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The protein bonds that create the junctions between the cells.

A

Desmosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Protect the body from infections by identifying foreign material (antigens).

A

Langerhans cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Largest layer of the epidermis.

A

Stratum Spinosum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Deepest layer in the epidermis.
In this layer, stem cells undergo continuous cell division.
Also contains melanocytes.

AKA basal cell layer.

A

Stratum Germinativum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cells that produce pigment granules.

A

Melanocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Produce a complex protein (melanin) which determines skin, eye, & hair color.

A

Melanosomes.

46
Q

Stimulated by exposure to sunlight & protects the cells below by absorbing & blocking UV radiation.

A

Melanin production.

47
Q

Children
Like
Granny
Speaking
German

A

Stratum Corneum.
Stratum Lucidum,
Stratum Granulosum.
Stratum Spinosum.
Stratum Germinativum (basale)

48
Q

The enzyme that stimulates melanocites & thus produces melanin.

A

Tyrosinase.

49
Q

What are the 2 types of melanin?

A

Pheomelanin.
Eumelanin.

50
Q

Red to yellow in color. (melanin)

A

Pheomelanin.

51
Q

Dark brown to black. (melanin)

A

Eumelanin.

52
Q

About 25x thicker than the epidermis.
It is highly sensitive & contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sweat & oil glands, hair follicle, arrector, arrector pili muscles, & papillae.

AKA Derma, corium, cutis, or true skin.

A

Dermis.

53
Q

Connects the dermis to the epidermis.

A

Dermal epidermal junction.

54
Q

What are the two layers of the epidermis?

A

Papillary.
Reticular.

55
Q

Superficial layer of the dermis.

A

Papillary.

56
Q

Deeper layer of the dermis.

A

Reticular.

57
Q

Produce proteins & aid in the production of collagen & elastin.

A

Fibroblast cells.

58
Q

A protein substance of complex fibers that gives skin its strength & is necessary for wound healing.

A

Collagen.

59
Q

Makes up 70% of the dermis.

A

Collagen.

60
Q

Gives support & function to the skin.

A

Collagen.

61
Q

The fibrous protein that forms elastic tissue & gives skin its elasticity.

A

Elastin.

62
Q

The primary cause of wrinkles is the damage &…

A

Loss of elastin.

63
Q

Hair contains 90%…

A

Hard keratin.

64
Q

Ingrown hair or _____ is a bacterial infection.

A

Folliculitis.

65
Q

Hair on the scalp grows an average of… per day.

A

.35 millimeters
(1/60 inch) per day

66
Q

Connects the dermis to the epidermis, forming the epidermal/dermal junction.

Comprises 10-20% of the dermis.

A

Papillary layer.

67
Q

Denser & deeper layer of the dermis.

Comprised mainly of collagen & elastin.

Damage to these elastin fibers is the primary cause of sagging, wrinkles, & aging.

Makes up 80% of the dermis.

A

The Reticular layer.

68
Q

Sits below the reticular layer.

Composed of loose connective tissue or subcutis tissue, aka adipose tissue.

This layer is 80% fat.

This tissue creates a protective cushion that gives contour & shape to the body, as well as providing a source of energy.

This layer decreases & thins w/ age.

A

Subcutaneous tissue.

69
Q

Cordlike bundles of fibers made up of neurons.

Form a network of pathways for conducting information throughout the body.

A

Nerves.

70
Q

What are the two types of nerves?

A

Motor (efferent)
Sensory (afferent)

71
Q

Stimulate muscles, such as the arrector pili muscles, attached to the hair follicles.

A

Motor nerves.

72
Q

Secrete oil.

A

Sebaceous glands.

73
Q

Secrete sweat.

A

Sudoriferous glands.

74
Q

Connected to the hair follicle & produce oil, which protects the surface of the skin.

If the ducts become clogged, comedones or blackheads form.

Larger on the face & scalp.

A

Sebaceous glands.

75
Q

Fluids that nourish the skin.

A

Blood & lymph.

76
Q

Supplies oxygen & nutrients to the skin.

A

Blood.

77
Q

Nutrients are molecules from food such as…

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, & fats.

78
Q

Help regulate body temp & eliminate waste products by excreting sweat.

They have a coiled base & duct opening at the surface known as pores.

A

Sudoriferous glands.

79
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Apocrine.
Eccrine.

80
Q

Coiled structures found under arms & in the genital area.
More active during emotional changes.

A

Apocrine glands.

81
Q

Found all over the body but primarily on the forehead, palm, & soles.

A

Eccrine glands.

82
Q

A complex defense mechanism that protects the body from foreign substances.

A

Immune system.

83
Q

Molecules formed to fight & neutralize bacteria, viruses, & antigens.

A

Antibodies.

84
Q

Identify molecules that have foreign peptides.

A

T-cells.

85
Q

White blood cells that have enzymes to digest & kill bacteria & parasites.

A

Leukocytes.

86
Q

…. surround cells & provide protection, hydration, & nourishment to the cells.

A

Intercellular lipids & proteins.

87
Q

A group of waxy lipid molecules important to barrier function & water holding capacity as glycolipids.

A

Ceramides.

88
Q

Reduced if the skin is dry, damages, or matures.

A

Lipids.

89
Q

Organs such as the skin, heart, liver, & kidneys have their cells replaced every…

A

6 to 9 months.

90
Q

Cells of the bones are replaced every…

A

7 years.

91
Q

…are not easily replaced after being damaged by UV radiation.

A

Elastin & collagen.

92
Q

The sun and its… have the greatest impact on how skin ages.

A

Ultraviolet (UV) electromagnetic radiation.

93
Q

Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) is a proven…

A

Carcinogen.

94
Q

UV exposure alters DNA & can cause…

A

Skin cancer.

95
Q

Approximately how much of aging is caused by sun exposure?

A

80-85%

96
Q

UVA is also known as…

A

Aging rays.

97
Q

Contribute up to 95% of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth’s surface.

Penetrate into the skin & cause genetic damage to the cell & death.

Wakens the skins collagen & elastin fibers causing skin sagging & wrinkles.

Present all year and more prevalent than UVB.

A

UVA radiation.

98
Q

UVB is also known as…

A

Burning rays.

99
Q

Causes burning of the skin as well as tanning, aging, & cancer.

Contributes to the body’s synthesis of Vitamin D & other important minerals.

A

UVB radiation.

100
Q

Molecules w/ an unbalanced electrical charge.

Take electrons from compounds in the body such as proteins, lipids, or DNA.

The destabilize & oxidize the once healthy molecules & create more free radicals, starting a chain reaction of cellular destruction.

A

Free radicals.

101
Q

Pollutants can also change the health of the _____ thereby speeding up the aging process.

A

Underlying cells & tissues.

102
Q

Caused by an elevation of blood sugar.

Contributes to aging, wrinkles & age spots as well as many other age related diseases such as arterial stiffening, cataracts, & neurological impairment.

A

Glycation.

103
Q

Chronic vascular disorder characterized by couperose veins & congestion of the skin.

A

Rosacea.

104
Q

Often suggested to balance estrogen for women experiencing menopause.

May be linked to breast cancer.

A

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

105
Q

Applying moisturizing lotions, sunscreen, & even foundation helps protect skin from….

A

Airborne pollutants & the environment.

106
Q

Consuming alcohol also has a damaging affect on the skin by…

A

Dilating the blood vessels & capillaries, causing them to burst over time.

107
Q

Anything tht causes a rise in our blood sugar results in…

A

Inflammation on a cellular level.

108
Q

Estrogen is a crucial hormone for..

A

Good health & the appearance of the skin.

109
Q

_____ is an anti inflammatory & antioxidant & is a key factor in tissue repair.

A

Estrogen.

110
Q

Changes begin in pre-menopause because of a decrease in…

A

Estrogen.

111
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapies (HRT) may be derived from…

A

Animal source estrogen or plant source estrogen.

esthe state board (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions