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Bio Rom > Ch 6: Bones > Flashcards

Ch 6: Bones Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

There are 206 bones.

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2
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

It is the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow.

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3
Q

What are the 5 functions of bones?

A
  1. Support
  2. Store minerals (calcium ions, phosphate ions)
  3. Hematopoiesis
  4. Movement
  5. Protection
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4
Q

Describe the axial vs appendicular bones.

A
  1. Axial: head, neck, back, chest.
  2. Appendicular: shoulders, arms, hands, legs, feet, pelvic bones.
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5
Q

What kind of fibres is the bone made of?

A

Collagen fibres.

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6
Q

What is the main component of the bone?

A

Calcium phosphate (mineral salt)+ calcium hydroxide + calcium carbonate.

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7
Q

What is hydroxiapetite? What is its main component?

A

It is the thing that gives bone its flexibility, main component is calcium ions.

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8
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells.

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9
Q

What are their 6 types of bones? Give some egs for each.

A
  1. Flat: made of 2 layers of compact bone, and middle layer of cancellous (spongy/trabecular) bone. Eg shoulder, brain, pelvis etc
  2. Short: cubic shaped, handles weight, eg carpals + tarsals.
  3. Irregular: various bone shapes, eg vertebrae
  4. Long: has 1 epiphysis and 2 diaphysis, acts as a lever (pârghie)
  5. Sesamoid: patella/kneecaps
  6. Wormien: sutures in brain
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10
Q

What is the articular cartilage?

A

It is a type of frictionless hyalin cartilage that is found in each epiphysis.

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11
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

It is the outer layer of the diaphysis made of connective tissue.

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12
Q

What types of bone are on the inside and outside of epiphysis?

A

On inside => spongy bone, on outside => compact bone.

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13
Q

What is the traveae?

A

Spaces with red bone marrow in spongy tissue.

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14
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

It is a layer that lines the medullary cavity, it has the osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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15
Q

What are osteons?

A

They are compact rings made of lamella.

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16
Q

When does bone formation start, what is it marked by?

A

Bone formation starts at 6th week marked by the appearance of rods (tije) of hyalin that present long bone form.

17
Q

What is intermembranous ossification?

A

In flat bones of skull, osteoblasts go to membranes to form OSSIFICATION CENTRES that secrete matrix (collagen, CacO3, Ca3PO4), that causes OSSIFICATION to occur, red marrow deposits at level of trabecula.

18
Q

Describe endochondral ossification.

A

It is in long bones.
Blood vessels are formed inside the cartilaginous rods, medullary cavity forms + bone elongates + thickens => increase length.

19
Q

What happens to long bones after puberty?

A

After puberty the EPIPHYSAL PLATE of long bone forms meaning it no longer elongates.

20
Q

Does bone remodelling ever stop throughout life.

A

No, cz of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

21
Q

What is osteoporosis? How to prevent it?

A

It is when the Ca in the body decreases causing bones to become weaker so they break easier. Prevention is through exercise/calcium supplements.

22
Q

What are menisce?

A

Knee joints in shape of crescents.

23
Q

What are bursae?

A

A type of fluid filled sacs diarthrosis. On inside of synovial mbs.

24
Q

What do osteoblasts become?

A

Osteocytes.

25
Q

What are the 17 types of joint movements, explain them.

A

Flexion: bending joint to reduce space between 2 bones.
Extension: increase angle between 2 bones.
Abduction: removing something away from midline of body.
Adduction: bringing something towards the midline of the body.
Medial rotation: rotating a bone along its own axis.
lateral rotation: rotating a bone away from the midline.
circumduction: movement of joint in circles.
supination: palm up.
Pronation: palm down.
elevation: lifting part.
Depression: lowering part.
Protraction: pushing part of body forward.
retraction: withdrawing part of body eg. Chin tuck.
Dorsal flexion: moving upwards towards body.
plantar flexion:moving foot downwards.
Inversion: turning sole of foot inwards.
Eversion: turning sole of foot outwards.

26
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints (diarthrosis) describe where they can be found and if they’re biaxial uni axial or no axial.

A
  1. Trohlear: found in elbow (ulna + humerus) and knee (between femur and tibia)
  2. Sferoidal: at shoulder, at hips.
  3. Pivotal: in neck ( between axis and atlas)
  4. Condyloid/ellipsoidal: biaxial, joint between radius and carpals
  5. Selara (saddle): biaxial, thumbs (between 1st metacarpal and trapezium bone)
  6. Planar: no axial, between certain carpal and tarsal bones.

Bio Rom (14 decks)

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