Ch 1: Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

What is macroscopic anatomy?

Answer 1

Can be seen without a microscope.

Question 2

What is microscopic anatomy?

Answer 2

What can be seen with a microscope.

Question 3

What is developmental anatomy?

Answer 3

Studies development of individual from egg to adult.

Question 4

Divisions of anatomy: explain cytology, neurophysiology, renal physiology and physiology of reproduction.

Answer 4

1. Cytology: studies cells and their functions.
2. Neurophysiology: studies nerve functions.
3. Renal physiology: studies excretory systems functions.
4. Physiology of reproduction: studies reproductive organs + ways of reproduction.

Question 5

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

Answer 5

Epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous.

Question 6

What is catabolism, what’s anabolism?

Answer 6

Catabolism is the breaking down of complex materials into smaller ones, anabolism is the building up/synthesizing.

Question 7

What is ortostatism?

Answer 7

It’s the anatomical position. Whereas the palms are facing outwards, legs are stuck together and feet are apart.

Question 8

Explain the directional terms: dorsal, ventral, superior, inferior, lateral, medial, ipsilateral, contralateral, proximal, distal, deep and superficial?

Answer 8

1. Dorsal (posterior): means located towards the back end.
2. Ventral (anterior): located to the front.
3. Superior (cefalic, cranial): to the top of the head.
4. Inferior (caudal): to the bottom
5. Lateral: away from midline.
6. Ipsilateral: located on same side of body.
7. Contralateral: located on opposite sides of body.
8. Medial: the middle line
9. Proximal: close to point of attachment of limb.
10. Distal: far from point of attachment of limb.
11. Deep: further from body surface.
12. Superficial: closer to surface of body.

Question 9

Now for planes, what are the 5 types of planes? EXPLAIN THEM!

Answer 9

Sagital: cuts the body into left and right
Medio-sagital: divides body into 2 equal left and right parts
Para-sagital: divides body into 2 unequal left and right parts.
Transverse: divides into upper and lower areas.
Frontal (coronal) : divides into anterior and posterior

Question 10

What is macroscopic anatomy?

Answer 10

It is the study of anatomy that can be done without microscope.

Question 11

What is microscopic anatomy?

Answer 11

It is the study of anatomy that requires the use of a microscope.

Question 12

What is developmental anatomy?

Answer 12

It is the study of human growth from fertilised egg to adult.

Question 13

What is cytology in physiology?

Answer 13

It is the study of cells and their functions.

Question 14

What is neurophysiology?

Answer 14

It’s the study of nerves.

Question 15

What is renal physiology?

Answer 15

It is the study of the excretory system + its functions.

Question 16

What is physiology of reproduction?

Answer 16

It is the study of reproductive organs + ways of reproducing.

Question 17

What is catabolism?

Answer 17

It is the breaking down of complex substances into smaller ones.

Question 18

What is anabolism?

Answer 18

It’s the synthesis of complex substances.

Question 19

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

Answer 19

Theres connective tissues (blood+bones), muscular, epithelial, nervous.

Question 20

What is ORTOSTATISM?

Answer 20

It is the anatomical position.

Question 21

Describe the anatomical position.

Answer 21

Hands facing outwards, legs stuck together feet apart, thumbs outwards facing.

Question 22

Describe the directional terms in anatomy:
cranial, medial, lateral, ipsilateral, contralateral, dorsal, ventral, inferior, superior, deep, superficial, proximal, distal.

Answer 22

Cranial/Cefalic: means towards the head (directional term).
Medial: towards the midline of the body.
Lateral: away from midline of body to the side.
Ipsilateral: located on the same side of the body.
Contralateral: located on opposite sides of the body.
Anterior/ ventral: forward facing in body.
Posterior/dorsal: towards the back of the body (behind)
Proximal: close to the attachment point of the limb.
Distal: further from the attachment point of limb.
Superior: above/ towards the head.
Inferior/caudal: towards the bottom, below.
Deep: further from surface of body.
Superficial: closer to surface of the body.

Question 23

Describe the planes of the body: sagital, mediosagital, parasagital, frontal(coronal), transverse.

Answer 23

Sagital: divides body into l+r parts
Medio sag: into equal l+r
Parasagital: into unequal l+r
Frontal(coronal): into anterior and posterior parts.
Transverse(horizontal): into upper and lower parts.

Question 24

What are the main cavities of the body?

Answer 24

The anterior and posterior cavities.

Question 25

What is located in the dorsal/posterior cavity?

Answer 25

1. The cranial cavity.
2. The spinal cord.

Question 26

What is located in ventral/anterior cavity? What are its 2 cavities separated by.

Answer 26

1. Thoracic cavity
2. Abdomino-pelvic cavity
   These are separated by the DIAPHRAGM.

Question 27

What are the 6 divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity? + where are they located relative to each other.

Answer 27

1. Umbilical= center
2. Epigastric= superior to umb cord
3. Hypogastric= below umb cord
4. R+L hypocondrium= lateral to epigastric. (On either side of)
5. Flancul r+l= lateral to umb
6. Inguinal/iliac= lateral to hipogastric.

Question 28

What are the walls of abdominal cavity + organs covered in?

Answer 28

Fine membrane that has 2 sheets, visceral + parietal, its called the SEROUS MEMBRANE. (Cz it has a small amount of lubricating serous fluid.

Question 29

State + explain the 3 types of serous membranes.

Answer 29

1. Pleura: covers lungs
2. Pericardium: covers heart
3. Peritoneum: covers the abdomino-pelvic organs

Question 30

What is PLEURISY?

Answer 30

It is the pain during breathing that is caused by friction.