Ch 1: Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What is macroscopic anatomy?
Can be seen without a microscope.
What is microscopic anatomy?
What can be seen with a microscope.
What is developmental anatomy?
Studies development of individual from egg to adult.
Divisions of anatomy: explain cytology, neurophysiology, renal physiology and physiology of reproduction.
- Cytology: studies cells and their functions.
- Neurophysiology: studies nerve functions.
- Renal physiology: studies excretory systems functions.
- Physiology of reproduction: studies reproductive organs + ways of reproduction.
What are the 4 main types of tissues?
Epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous.
What is catabolism, what’s anabolism?
Catabolism is the breaking down of complex materials into smaller ones, anabolism is the building up/synthesizing.
What is ortostatism?
It’s the anatomical position. Whereas the palms are facing outwards, legs are stuck together and feet are apart.
Explain the directional terms: dorsal, ventral, superior, inferior, lateral, medial, ipsilateral, contralateral, proximal, distal, deep and superficial?
- Dorsal (posterior): means located towards the back end.
- Ventral (anterior): located to the front.
- Superior (cefalic, cranial): to the top of the head.
- Inferior (caudal): to the bottom
- Lateral: away from midline.
- Ipsilateral: located on same side of body.
- Contralateral: located on opposite sides of body.
- Medial: the middle line
- Proximal: close to point of attachment of limb.
- Distal: far from point of attachment of limb.
- Deep: further from body surface.
- Superficial: closer to surface of body.
Now for planes, what are the 5 types of planes? EXPLAIN THEM!
Sagital: cuts the body into left and right
Medio-sagital: divides body into 2 equal left and right parts
Para-sagital: divides body into 2 unequal left and right parts.
Transverse: divides into upper and lower areas.
Frontal (coronal) : divides into anterior and posterior
What is macroscopic anatomy?
It is the study of anatomy that can be done without microscope.
What is microscopic anatomy?
It is the study of anatomy that requires the use of a microscope.
What is developmental anatomy?
It is the study of human growth from fertilised egg to adult.
What is cytology in physiology?
It is the study of cells and their functions.
What is neurophysiology?
It’s the study of nerves.
What is renal physiology?
It is the study of the excretory system + its functions.
What is physiology of reproduction?
It is the study of reproductive organs + ways of reproducing.
What is catabolism?
It is the breaking down of complex substances into smaller ones.
What is anabolism?
It’s the synthesis of complex substances.
What are the 4 main types of tissues?
Theres connective tissues (blood+bones), muscular, epithelial, nervous.
What is ORTOSTATISM?
It is the anatomical position.
Describe the anatomical position.
Hands facing outwards, legs stuck together feet apart, thumbs outwards facing.
Describe the directional terms in anatomy:
cranial, medial, lateral, ipsilateral, contralateral, dorsal, ventral, inferior, superior, deep, superficial, proximal, distal.
Cranial/Cefalic: means towards the head (directional term).
Medial: towards the midline of the body.
Lateral: away from midline of body to the side.
Ipsilateral: located on the same side of the body.
Contralateral: located on opposite sides of the body.
Anterior/ ventral: forward facing in body.
Posterior/dorsal: towards the back of the body (behind)
Proximal: close to the attachment point of the limb.
Distal: further from the attachment point of limb.
Superior: above/ towards the head.
Inferior/caudal: towards the bottom, below.
Deep: further from surface of body.
Superficial: closer to surface of the body.
Describe the planes of the body: sagital, mediosagital, parasagital, frontal(coronal), transverse.
Sagital: divides body into l+r parts
Medio sag: into equal l+r
Parasagital: into unequal l+r
Frontal(coronal): into anterior and posterior parts.
Transverse(horizontal): into upper and lower parts.
What are the main cavities of the body?
The anterior and posterior cavities.
What is located in the dorsal/posterior cavity?
- The cranial cavity.
- The spinal cord.
What is located in ventral/anterior cavity? What are its 2 cavities separated by.
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdomino-pelvic cavity
These are separated by the DIAPHRAGM.
What are the 6 divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity? + where are they located relative to each other.
- Umbilical= center
- Epigastric= superior to umb cord
- Hypogastric= below umb cord
- R+L hypocondrium= lateral to epigastric. (On either side of)
- Flancul r+l= lateral to umb
- Inguinal/iliac= lateral to hipogastric.
What are the walls of abdominal cavity + organs covered in?
Fine membrane that has 2 sheets, visceral + parietal, its called the SEROUS MEMBRANE. (Cz it has a small amount of lubricating serous fluid.
State + explain the 3 types of serous membranes.
- Pleura: covers lungs
- Pericardium: covers heart
- Peritoneum: covers the abdomino-pelvic organs
What is PLEURISY?
It is the pain during breathing that is caused by friction.
