Ch 13: Endocrine System Flashcards
What are autocrine and paracrine glands?
They are endocrine glands, autocrine secretes hormones that are gonna act on itself while paracrine secretes hormones that are gonna act on neighboring cells.
What are steroid vs non steroid hormones give some egs.
Steroid: made from lipids derived from cholesterols, eg testosterone, aldosterone, progesterone, cortisone, cortisol, oestrogen.
Non steroid: proteins, peptides, amines, glycoproteins.
1. Protein hormone: made of chains of amino acid linked by peptide bonds eg insulin, calcitonin, pit hormones
2. Peptide hormones: shorter chains of a.a, ADH, oxytocin
3. Amino hormones: derived from amino acids, thyroxine, adrenaline, noradrenaline\
4. Glycoprotein: FSH, LH, TSH (pit hormones)
Where is the pit gland located?
In the lower part of the brain in the depression of the sphenoid bone aka the Turkish saddle aka sella turcica. Immediately behind optic chasm.
What are the 2 lobes of the pit gland?
Anterior: adenohypophesis
Posterior: neurohypophesis (not an actual endo gland)
What are the 2 hormones released by the neurohypophysis (posterior)? Describe where they go to and what they do.
- ADH to renal tubes, causes water reabsorption
- Oxytocin: to smooth muscle fibres in uterus and ducts of mammary glands, causes uterine contractions and milk ejection.
What does hypersecretion of STH lead to?
Gigantism in kids, acromegaly in adults (bone thick + tissue grow extra)
What hormones are secreted by adenohypophysis?
HSH/STH, tsh, prolactin, acth, msh(melanin thing), fsh, lh,
Hyposecretion of STH what does it lead to?
Pituitary dwarfism in kids.
What are the effects of thyroid hormones?
Help maintain blood pressure, increase basal metabolic rate, inc action of enzymes associated with glucose.
What is needed for production of t3 + t4? What happens if theres less.
Iodine is needed. Less = gusei
What does hyposeretion of thyroxine t4 cause in kids? Describe it.
Cretinism, poor growth, thick facial features, retard mentality, general lethargy.
What does hyposecretion of t4 cause in adults? Describe
Myxedema, weight gain, decrease heart rate, decrease metabolic rate, lack of energy, weakness.
What does hypersecretion of t3 + t4 lead to?
Graves’ disease, weight loss, increase pulse (tachycardia), inc appetite, inc metabolic rate and exophtalmia (bulging eyeballs)
Wht results from PTH hypersecretion?
Tumours shown as deformities + low bone density.
What does hyposecretion of glucocorticoids + mineralocorticoids lead to? What bt hypersecretion?
Addison’s disease which is na and k imbalance, dark complexion, hypotension, weakness.
Crushing which is swelling face, hypertension, weakness muscle.
