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Parenting > Ch. 6 Becoming a Parent > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Becoming a Parent Flashcards

1
Q

Galinsky’s Stages of Development for Parents

A
  1. The image- Making Stage
  2. The Nurturing Stage
  3. The Authority Stage
  4. The interpretive
  5. The interdependent stages
  6. The departure Stage
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2
Q

Galinsky: 1. The image- Making Stage

A
  • Planning for a child/pregnancy
  • Consider what it means to be a parent and plan for changes to accommodate a child
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3
Q

Galinsky: 2. The- Nurturing Stage

A
  • Infancy
  • Develop an attachment relationship with child and adapt to the new baby
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4
Q

Galinsky: 3. The Authority Stage

A
  • Toddler and preschool
  • Parents create rules and figure out how to effectively guide their children’s behavior
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5
Q

Galinsky: 4. The interpretive

A
  • Middle Childhood
  • Parents help their children interpret their experiences with the social world beyond the family
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6
Q

Galinsky: 5. The interdependent stages

A
  • Adolescence
  • Parents renegotiate their relationship with their adolescent children to allow for shared power in decision-making
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7
Q

Galinsky: 6. The departure Stage

A
  • Early Adulthood
  • Parents evaluate their successes and failures as parents
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8
Q

Parenting Trajectories

A
  • Establish
  • Mediate
  • Modify
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9
Q

Parenting Trajectories: Establish

A
  • Determine environments
  • Gaps between belief and practice
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10
Q

Parenting Trajectories: Mediate

A
  • Pre-arming
  • Concurrent
  • Debriefing
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11
Q

Parenting Trajectories: Modify

A
  • Acceleration
  • Deceleration
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12
Q

Deciding to have a child

A

Fundamental lifestyle changes associated with childbirth

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13
Q

Advantages for having a Child

A
  • Allows for a full family life, important for a good marriage
  • Offers a sense of personal accomplishment
  • Adds excitement to life, joy of children
  • Provides a source of love and affection, someone to care for me when old
  • Promotes sense of immortality
  • Other: Gives spiritual fulfillment, establishes oneself as a mature person, spousal/partner wishes, pressure from family, and fulfills sexual love
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14
Q

Disadvantages for having a Child

A
  • Results in a drastic change in
    lifestyle
  • Creates many time-consuming responsibilities
  • increases expenses
  • Introduces difficulties regarding the mother’s employment
  • Contributes to overpopulation
  • Other: Creates worry and tension, makes for too much disorder, and introduces negative effects on one’s health and stamina
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15
Q

Fertility over the years…

A

fertility has been going down over the years (1960-2018)

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16
Q

Heritability coefficient

A
  • 1.0 = all variance due to genetics
  • 0 = no variance due to genetics (All enviormental)
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17
Q

Teratogens

A

Interfering with the neural crest of the developmental process

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18
Q

Examples of Teratogens

A

○ Alcohol
○ Agrochemicals
○ Infections agents
○ Recreational drugs
○ Retinoids
○ Antihypertensive drugs
○ Psychiatric medication
○ Gestational diabetes
○ Nutrients
○ Level of stress
○ Access to prenatal care

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19
Q

Thalidomide (1950’s)

A
  • A morning sickness drug (Prescribed to moms)
  • Causing birth defects
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20
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A
  • When exposed to alcohol the fetus experiences physical and cognitive effects
  • Example: Memory loss, Hyper activity, Learning difficulties, Small head, Wideset eyes
21
Q

3 parts of an embryo

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
22
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • Nervous System
  • Skin
23
Q

Mesoderm

A

○ Muscle
○ Skeleton
○ Kidneys
○ Reproductive system

24
Q

Endoderm

A

○ Endocrine glands
○ Lungs
○ Digestive tract
○ Liver

25
Q

infertility

A
  • 11% of women and 9.4% of men experience infertility
26
Q

Infertility Treatments: Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

A
  • Intrauterine insemination
  • In vitro fertilization (IVF)
  • Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
27
Q

Genetic Defects

A

3% of births born with a birth defect

28
Q

Most Common Genetic Defects

A

○ Heart defects (1 in 100 to 200)
○ Orofacial clefts (1 in 700 to 1,000)
○ Down syndrome (1 in 800)
○ Neural tube defect (1 in 1,000)
○ Autism spectrum disorders (3.4 to 6.7 in 1,000)

29
Q

Chromosomal Genetic Defects

A
  • Klinefelter Syndrome (XYX)
  • Turner’s Syndrome (XO)
  • Cri-Du-Chat syndrome or Cat Cry syndrome
30
Q

Karyotype

A

the picture of all 23 chromosomes

31
Q

More Genetic Defects

A
  • Dominant inheritance
    ○ Achondroplasia (dwarfism)
  • Recessive Inheritance
    ○ Tay-Sachs disease
    ○ Phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • X-linked Inheritance
    ○ Hemophilia
  • Multifactorial Inheritance
    ○ Neural tube defects
32
Q

Many defects can be identified in utero with…

A

○ Amniocentesis
○ Chorionic villi sampling (MORE ACCURATE SOONER but not neurological effects)
○ Ultrasound

33
Q

Miscarriages

A

Miscarriage occurs when pregnancy ends before 20 weeks
- As many as ½ of all pregnancies end this way

34
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

○ When fertilized egg implants outside the uterus
○ 2% of pregnancies
○ Must be removed surgically

35
Q

Labor

A
  • After 40 weeks of pregnancy, labor begins
    ○ Frequent and regular contractions
    ○ Lasts 12 to 14 hours for first baby
36
Q

Stages of Childbirth (vaginal)

A

○ Stage 1: dilation of cervix (labor)
○ Stage 2: pushing & delivery
○ Stage 3: expulsion of placenta

37
Q

Childbirth Methods

A
  • Bradley (husband-coached)
  • Lamaze
  • Use of pain medication
    ○ analgesics
    ○ anesthesia
38
Q

Vaginal delivery: Advantages

A
  • Releases hormones that promote healthy lung function
  • Physically compress the baby, thereby removing fluid from lungs
  • Prepares mother’s body for breastfeeding
  • Reduces risks to mother and infant introduced by C-sections (accidental cutting, infection, surgical complications
39
Q

The Preterm Baby

A
  • 1 in 10 premature
  • Average = 7.3 pounds and 20 inches long
40
Q

Two types of Preterm infants

A

○ Premature
○ Low birth weight

41
Q

Premature

A

born prior to 37 weeks of gestation

42
Q

Low birth weight

A

weighs less than 5.5 pounds

43
Q

Transition to Parenthood

A
  • Newborns require constant care
  • Decline in marital satisfaction is common
44
Q

Coparenting

A

-the extent to which parents work together in their roles as parent
- Providing support
- Resolving childrearing disagreement
- Dividing duties
- Managing interaction patterns

45
Q

Postpartum depression

A
  • Depression occurs in 12-40% of new mothers
    • Lasts more than 2 weeks and characterized by various symptoms typical in depression
46
Q

Men with postpartum…

A

Men follow a very similar patter to women in postpartum depression (women still have higher scores

47
Q

Role Sharing and Working Parents

A
  • Time Spent by Mothers and Fathers in Infant Care Activities
  • Note: The numbers indicate the minutes per day spent on each activity.
48
Q

Postpartum Psychosis

A
  • Delusions, hallucinations, thoughts of harming body
  • Postpartum psychosis is much rarer but more dangerous for the health of the baby
  • Support groups and antidepressants can be helpful
49
Q
A

Parenting (12 decks)

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