Ch. 10 Parenting Adolescents Flashcards
Galinsky (1981) Stages of Development (for Parents of Adolescents)
Stage 5: Parents renegotiate their relationship with their adolescent children to allow for sharing power in decision-making
Which stage has more Parent Trajectories?
Adolescence
Definition: adolescere
“to grow up, come to maturity, ripen”
Definition: adultus
past tense, “grown up”
What is Adolescence? Stanley Hall (1904)
- Puberty - 25
- “storm and stress”
Stanley Hall (1904) descriptors of Adolescents
- conflict with parents
- mood disruptions
- risk behaviors
Adolescents (Blakemore, 2012)
Puberty to “attain a stable, independent role in society”
Puberty Onset?
(Biological) to “attain a stable, independent role in society” (Social)
Physical and Hormonal Changes
Significance of puberty and timing onset
Girls Puberty Development
- Normal Age of Onset: 8-13
○ Adrenarche (6-10)
○ Godadarche (9-10)
○ Thelarche (8-11)
○ Pubarche (12)
○ Menarche (10-16) - Growth Spurt – 11.5 to 16.5
Boys Puberty Development
- Normal Age of Onset: 9-14
○ Adrenarche (6-10)
○ Godadarche (9-10)
○ Pubarche (M = 12)
○ Spermarche (10-14) - Growth Spurt – M = 13.5
Adrenarche (6-10)
Not seen out outwardly, but body is getting ready for changes
Godadarche (9-10)
Changes in reproductive organs
Thelarche (8-11)
Breast development
□ Can effect father and daughter relationship. More distant
Pubarche (12)
Appearance of secondary sex chrematistics
Menarche (10-16)
First menstruation
Spermarche (10-14)?
Research in Menarche
The age of Menarche is decreasing
Higher SES has ____ ranges of menarche
Lower
Lower SES has ____ laborism activities
More
Pubertal Timing and Parental Relations
Both early and late onset (compared to peers) Increased depression
- Mostly for girls in early onset
- Mostly for boys in late-onset
Both early and late onset (compared to peers)
○ Perceived parental rejection
○ Interaction with parents’ marital satisfaction
○ Quality of parental relations in childhood
Adolescent Nonspecific-
referring to brain development that begins in early childhood and continues relatively evenly through young adulthood
Adolescent Emergent
brain development that happens at adolescence and levels off
Adolescents Specific
where brain development peaks at adolescence and then drops off
“Explosive” neurological changes
○ Increase in white matter in two locations (prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe)
○ Decrease in grey matter
Increase in Executive Function…
the capacity to control and coordinate thoughts and behavior
Cognitive abilities improve:
○ Abstract thought (Piaget Formal Operational Stage)
○ Multidimensional
○ Relativistic
Social Changes in Adolescents
- Much of elective time spent with peers
- Emotional distance from parents
- Group Socialization Theory
Peers are more influential than parents is connected to what theory?
Child Effect model
Parenting influenced by adolescents’ behavior is connected to what theory?
Ecological systems
Why do adolescents take greater risks?
- Limbic System (dopamine at highest)
- Pre-frontal cortex (still developing – synaptic pruning)
“Peer Effect” Study
Teens are more likely to drive riskt when another teen passenger is in the car
Peer Effect
when adolescents engage in risky behavior in presence of peers when normally they would not take the risks
Problems For Adolescents
- Mental Health Problems
- Different developmental pathways to violence and delinquency
Authority conflict pathway
When an adolescent is disobedient and defiant to figures of authority
Overt aggression pathway
One type of aggressive adolescent pattern of behavior that begins with minor aggressive acts and then escalates into serious violence
Covert aggression pathway
One pathway of adolescent aggression that begins with minor dishonesty but escalates into more serious acts such as theft.
Increase in “Hypervigilance”
○ Associated with social media
○ Cancel culture
○ Call-out culture
How Parents Help Teens Navigate Adolescence
- Balance of oversight & control with encouraging independence and responsibility
Authoritative parenting linked to:
○ Psychosocial maturity
○ Better grades
○ Fewer behavior problems
Multi-domain parenting:
- Emotional (due to highly developed limbic system and underdeveloped prefrontal cortex)
- Mental (identity formation – Imago Dei)
- Relational (ongoing need for attachment and communication)
- Spiritual (addresses the potential impact of shame
Four Key Parenting Ingredients
- Staying connected
- Maintaining open communications
- Monitoring/Knowledge about Teen
- Appropriate Control Techniques
Other Ways Parents Influence Teens
- Clearly communicating disapproval
- Engaging in strict discipline
- Modeling
- Encouraging
- Indirect influence
Limits on Parental Influence
Parents are just one potential influence
Other influences include
○ Characteristics of teenager (temperament, IQ)
○ Circumstances (peer group, neighborhood)
○ Genetic susceptibility
○ Exposure to experiences
Other protective factors
○ Encouraging
○ Extra-curricular activities and religion
