Ch. 2 Theories Flashcards
Definition: Theory
an organized set of related ideas, concepts, and principles that describes and attempts to explain particular phenomenon
Main Theoretical Frameworks in Understanding Parenting (Parent-Child Relations)
- Attachment Theory (ethological= animals)
- Systems Theory
- Social Theory
- Developmental Theory
Definition: Attachment
the emotional tie to a parent experienced by an infant, from which the child derives security
4 Attachment Styles
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Ambivalent
- Disorganize
Secure Attachment
- Believes and trusts that his/her needs will be met
- Secure, Explorative, Happy
Avoidant Attachment
- Subconsciously believes that his/her needs probably won’t be met
- Not very explorative, emotionally distant
Ambivalent Attachment
- Cannot rely on his/her needs being met
- Anxious, Insecure, Angry
Disorganize Attachment
- Severely confused with no strategy to have his/her needs met
- depressed, angry, completely, passive, nonresponsive
Key Theorists that shaped Attachment Theory: Lorenz (1952)
- First to construct it as a science
- Research with Goslings
□ Formed an attachment with the first object they saw when born aka. “imprinted”
□ Based on survival
Key Theorists that shaped Attachment Theory: Harlow (1958)
- Experiment with monkeys
- Took attachment with a species closer to humans
□ Baby monkeys took a better attachment to the more comforting monkey (More than just survival)
Key Theorists that shaped Attachment Theory: Bowlby (1958)
- Post WW2, worked with orphans in Europe
- Formed the attachment styles
Define: Novelty Seeking
child feels safe to explore
Define: Proximity Seeking
desire to go back to the secure base
Define: Internal Working Framework (IWF)
the use of both novelty and proximity working in a healthy way
Attachment and Biological Implications: 2 chemicals
- Oxytocin
- Myelination
Systems Theory
- Individual
- Family
- Society
What does it mean to say a family is a system?
- They do not exist in isolation from one another
- “movement” in any one part of the “system” will affect all the rest of the parts of the system.
Fundamental Concepts of Family Systems Theory
- Circular causality
- Boundaries
- Homeostasis
- Triangles
- Family rules
- Family roles
Circular causality
Boundaries
Homeostasis
Triangles
Family rules
Family roles
Bronfenbrenner’s Model: Ecological Systems Map
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem
Microsystem
- immediate environment
Examples: Family, school, work, neighborhood
Mesosystem
- connections between environments
Examples: Child’s birthday party, parent-teacher conferences, Christmas parties
Exosystem
- indirect environment
Examples: government, social services, economics, parents’ workplace
Macrosystem
- social and cultural values
Examples: cultural values, religious beliefs, ideologies, war
Chronosystem
- a change that happens over time
Examples: Growing up/aging, technical advancements, job loss
Social Theory: Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
- “Bobo doll” studies of social learning in the 1960s
- Observational Learning and reinforcement
Parent-Child Coercive Cycles: Gerald Patterson (1895-1967)
Studied role of social learning in the development of delinquency
Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development
Refers to the distance between an individual’s ability to do something independently and the ability of the individual to perform a task under adult (or more-advanced peer) guidance. Learning occurs when in this zone, according to Vygotsky
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operations
Erikson’s stage Theory
- Basic trust versus mistrust
- Autonomy versus shame
- Initiative versus guilt
- Industry versus inferiority
- Identity versus role confusion
- Intimacy versus isolation
- Generativity versus stagnation
- Ego integrity versus despair
