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CELL 362 > Ch 6 > Flashcards

Ch 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of communication is responsible for most communication within the body?

A

Chemical signaling

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2
Q

What kind of signaling changes the membrane potential of a cell?

A

Electrical signaling

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3
Q

When using chemical signaling, where does the cell send the signal?

A

Secreted into ECF

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4
Q

What junction is responsible for short distance communication of small particles like ions?

A

Gap junctions. They form a direct cytoplasmic connection between adjacent cells

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5
Q

What is each connexon made of? How many channels make one gap junction?

A

6 connexins

A gap junction is made of many connexon channels, but one channel is made of one connexon in each cell membrane

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6
Q

What kind of chemical signaling acts on the same cell that secretes it?

A

Autocrine

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7
Q

What kind of chemical signaling acts on nearby cells by diffusion?

A

Paracrine signals

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8
Q

What kind of chemical signaling uses bulk flow?

A

Endocrine system

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9
Q

What is the difference between a neurotransmitter and a neurohormone?

A

Both are secreted by neurons, but neurotransmitters are secreted in a synapse while the neurohormones are not secreted into a synapse and use bulk flow

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10
Q

What is a neurocrine?

A

Chemical signals secreted by neurons

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11
Q

What is secreted by all nucleated cells for signaling? Is it for local or long-distance signals?

A

Cytokines are for both long-distance and short-distance signaling

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12
Q

Where is the receptor for a lipophilic signal molecule that diffuses through the cell membrane? How long until a protein is produced?

A

Receptors are in cytosol or nucleus

Gene activity related change takes hours or days

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13
Q

A signal that does not diffuse through the membrane is called what? How long does it take for a cellular response?

A

Extracellular signal molecule

Transduction signals initiate rapid cellular responses in milliseconds to minutes

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14
Q

What are the four categories of membrane receptors?

A
  1. Receptor-channel
  2. Receptor enzyme
  3. G protein-coupled receptor
  4. Integrin receptor
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15
Q

What kind of membrane receptor are tyrosine kinases?

A

Receptor-enzyme

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16
Q

What kind of cell membrane receptor is associated with anchor proteins and the cytoskeleton? What does this receptor do?

A

Integrin receptor

Changes cell shape

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17
Q

What is type of molecule is cAMP?

What is it made from?

What is its amplifier enzyme?

What is it linked to?

What is its action?

What is its effect?

A

Nucleotide

ATP

Adenylyl cyclase (membrane)

G protein-coupled receptor

Activates protein kinases, especially PKA. Binds to ion channels

Phosphorylates proteins. Alters channel opening

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18
Q

What is type of molecule is cGMP?

What is it made from?

What is its amplifier enzyme?

What is it linked to?

What is its action?

What is its effect?

A

Nucleotide

GTP

  1. Guanylyl cyclase (membrane)
  2. Guanylyl cyclase (cytosol)
  3. Receptor-enzyme
  4. Nitric Oxide (NO)
  5. Activates protein kinases, especially PKG
  6. Binds to ion channels
  7. Phosphorylates proteins
  8. Alters channel opening
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19
Q

What does a TK do?

A

Tyrosine kinase transfers a phosphate from an ATP to a protein, phosphorylating the protein.

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20
Q

What happens to the G protein when GPCR is activated in GPCR-adenylyl cyclase signal transduction and amplification?

A

Alpha subunit leaves and binds to adenylyl cyclase

21
Q

When activated by the G protein, what does the adenylyl cyclase do?

A

Convert ATP to cAMP

22
Q

When cAMP is made by adenylyl cyclase, what does it do?

A

Activates protein kinases A, which Phosphorylates other proteins and leads to a cellular response

23
Q

What kind of molecules use the GPCR-adenylyl cyclase signal transduction and amplification?

A

Hydrophilic molecules

24
Q

When the G protein is activated in GPCR-phospholipase C signal transduction, what happens next?

A

The alpha subunit activates PLC (phospholipase C)

25
When the G protein is activated in GPCR-phospholipase C signal transduction, what happens next?
The alpha subunit leaves the G protein and activates PLC (phospholipase C)
26
When PLC is activated, what happens next?
It cuts a PIP2 (phospholipid in the membrane) into DAG (diacylglycerol) and IP3 (inositol triphosphate)
27
What does DAG do after being fabricated by PLC? How does it do this?
Activates PKC (protein kinase A). DAG is hydrophobic so it stays in the membrane, but it can travel to PKC which is also in the membrane
28
What does PKC do?
Protein kinase C Phosphorylates proteins
29
What does IP3 do after being fabricated by PLC?
Finds IP3 receptor on ER, releasing Ca2+ from ER
30
What is an Integrin? What do they do inside and outside the cell membrane?
Membrane-spanning protein Inside they attach to the cytoskeleton via anchor proteins Outside they bind to extracellular matrix proteins or to ligands
31
What are the cells 2 sources of Ca2+?
ER storage or ECF
32
What is a calmodulin?
Protein that modulates things based on Ca2+ binding
33
What kind of signal molecules are ephemeral?
Gases
34
What cell and enzyme types produce NO? What is its effect? In the body and in the brain? How does it do this?
Produced by endothelial cells, specifically nitric oxide synthetase In the body, it dffuses into smooth muscle and causes vasodilation. In the brain it acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator Activates Guanylyl cyclase (forming cGMP)
35
What does PLA2 do?
Phospholipase A2 cleaves phospholipids in the cell membrane as a part of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade
36
What are the steps of the arachidonic acid cascade?
Membrane phospholipids are cleaved by PLA2 into arachidonic acid. Enzymes act on the acid for further production if the arachidonic acid is not used as a secondary messenger. Lipoxygenase creates leukotrienes. Cycloxygenase creates prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Both products are lipid-soluble paracrines
37
What are leukotrienes?
Lipid-soluble paracrine that have a role in asthma and anaphylaxis
38
What are 3 types of prostanoids?
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, sphingolipids
39
What are prostaglandins?
Lipid-soluble paracrines with a role in sleep, inflammation, pain, and fever
40
How do NSAIDS work?
They inhibit cycloxygenase from turning arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, which have a role in inflammation
41
What are sphingolipids?
Lipid paracrines that help regulate inflammation, cell adhesion and migration, and cell growth and death
42
How does epinephrine have different responses depending on blood vessel type? What vessels react in what way?
Blood vessels have different receptor types. Intestinal blood vessels have alpha receptors, causing constriction when epinephrine is produced. Skeletal have Beta-2 receptors, causing then to dilate.
43
How does a cell down-regulate signal responses?
Decrease number of receptors by grouping them together then pull them into the cell
44
How does a cell perform desensitization of a signal response?
By binding a chemical modulator to receptor
45
How does a cell up-regulate its response to a signal?
Inserting more receptors into cell membrane
46
What do Cannon’s Postulates focus on?
Control systems
47
What is tonic control?
There is constant signaling of the neurotransmitter. It is only regulated by the frequency of action potential. There is no antagonist
48
What is antagonist control?
An organ is innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
49
In what control pathway is a neuron not involved?
A simple endocrine reflex

CELL 362 (20 decks)

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