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CELL 362 > Ch 21, Ch24 > Flashcards

Ch 21, Ch24 Flashcards

1
Q

How much does the stomach hold at full expansion?

A

2-3L

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2
Q

What is the name of the nervous network in the GI tract?

A

Enteric nervous system

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3
Q

What gastric secretion cleaves proteins and activates at a low pH?

A

Pepsin/pepsinogen

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4
Q

What effect does histamine have on the GI tract?

A

Stomach acid secretion

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5
Q

What does the parietal cell use to pump hydrochloric acid into the stomach?

A

First cellular water is cleaved by CA. Apical H+-K+ATPase (pulls luminal K+ into cell). Also performs the chloride shift (HCO3- pumped into basolateral ECF while Cl- is pumped into cell. Then Cl- leaks into lumen follow charge of H+)

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6
Q

What cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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7
Q

What cells secrete somatostatin in the stomach?

A

D cells

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8
Q

What stomach cells secrete histamine?

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL)

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9
Q

What hormone stimulates peristalsis?

A

Seratonin

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10
Q

What stimulates the activation of D cells? What is the secretion?

A

Too low of stomach pH stimulates the D cells to secrete somatostatin

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11
Q

What are the most common causes of ulcers?

A

NSAIDS and H. pylori

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12
Q

Where does most digestion and absorption happen?

A

Duodenum and jejunum

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13
Q

What portion of the circulatory system does the digestive system dump absorbed nutrients into?

A

Hepatic portal system

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14
Q

How are the liver and kidney portal systems different?

A

Liver capillary beds perform absorption then filtration, while kidney capillary beds perform filtration then absorption

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15
Q

What does the lymphatic system absorb from the digestive system?

A

Fats

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16
Q

Where are intestinal enzymes bound? What are some examples?

A

Bound to apical membranes of brush border cells

Peptidases and disaccharidases

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17
Q

How is trypsinogen activated? What enzyme is it related to and how is it different?

A

Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the brush border enzyme enteropeptidase

Related to pepsin, but trypsin works at a more neutral pH

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18
Q

What enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic amylase, lipase, proteases and exopeptidases

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19
Q

What structures access the GI tract via the ampulla of Vater/ sphincter of Oddi?

A

Common bile bile/pancreatic duct

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20
Q

What stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas?

A

Neural input and the hormone secretin

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21
Q

What are 3 key components of bile?

A

Bile salts for fat digestion
Bile pigments like bilirubin
Cholesterol

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22
Q

What do the bacteria of the large intestine do?

A

Break down undigested complex carbs and proteins

Produce absorbable vitamins (Vitamin K)

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23
Q

How much water enters/leaves the large intestine a day?

A

1.5L/day enters, 0.1L/day lost to feces

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24
Q

Why does aldosterone affect the colon?

A

The colon performs like the kidney with aldosterone, absorbing Na+ and secretin K+

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25
Besides fatty tissue, where are glycogen stores mainly?
Liver and skeletal muscles
26
Why is HDL cholesterol okay to have in excess?
Excess is excreted, unlike LDL which is stored
27
Gluconeogenesis makes ________ from ________
makes glucose from amino acids
28
Where in the body are glut transporters not required for glucose uptake into epithelium?
Brain
29
Is insulin/glucagon anabolic/catabolic?
Insulin is anabolic Glucagon is catabolic
30
What effect does insulin have on intracellular proteins?
Stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown
31
What condition is often related to ketosis?
Type 1 DM
32
What are the primary lymphoid tissues?
Thymus gland Bone marrow
33
What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?
Spleen Lymph nodes
34
What are the diffuse lymphoid tissues?
Tonsils Gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) Clusters of lymphoid tissues
35
What are the antigen presenting cells?
Monocyte lymphocyte/plasma cell dendritic cell
36
What is opsonization?
A particle being enveloped in another substance (like a bacteria coated in antibodies) to allow for ingestion
37
What are toll-like receptors?
Pattern recognizers? Both innate and acquired
38
What are interferons? What secretes them?
Antiviral cytokines Secreted by NK and other lymphocytes
39
What molecules create the inflammatory response?
Cytokines
40
What is the MAC?
Membrane attack complex is result of immune cascade. Proteins that create pores in the proteins of pathogens to deregulate water and ion transport
41
Activated B cells become ________ and they secrete ___________
plasma cells secrete antibodies
42
How many different antibodies can plasma cells create?
Just one type per plasma cell
43
What do activated T lymphocytes develop into? What do they do?
Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy virus-infected cells Helper T cells regulate other immune cells
44
What do NK cells do?
Attack and destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells
45
What cell uses a previously-acquired antigen to identify and kill cells?
Cytotoxic T cell
46
What is active versus passive immunity?
Active immunity occurs when the body produces its own antigens from an exposure Passive immunity is when we acquire antibodies made by another organism, ex. getting a shot
47
In discussing immunity what is a clone?
A group of lymphocytes that are specific to one antigen
48
What is the difference between antibody production in a primary and secondary immune response? Why?
A secondary immune response will have a much faster antibody production because the plasma cells are already made. In a primary immune response the B cells have to become plasma cells
49
What is IgG?
Most common antigen in blood that is produced in secondary immune responses
50
What is IgA
antibodies in external secretions like saliva and breast milk
51
What is IgE?
Antibodies that target gut parasites and are associated with allergic responses. Activate mast cells
52
What are IgM?
Antibodies associated with a primary immune response
53
What are IgD?
Antibodies that appear on the surface of B cells. Role unclear
54
What are the heavy and light chains of the antibody called?
Heavy chain is Fc region Light chain is Fab region
55
What do T cells do? (Both helper and cytotoxic)
Carry out cell-mediated immunity via t-cell receptors inserted into their membranes
56
What is MHC class I?
Major histocompatibility complex class I is determining self versus non-self. This receptor type is on all nucleated cells and are recognized by cytotoxic T cells
57
What is MHC class II?
Major histocompatibility complex class II is the receptor type that is used by APCs (antigen presenting cells) such as macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells. Antigen recognized by helper T cells
58
What happens when helper T cells bind to MHC class II antigens?
Helper T cell will secrete cytokines that activate the appropriate immune cells
59
What cells bind to B cells to promote their differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells?
Helper T cells
60
What is secreted by cytotoxic T cells when attacking cells?
Pore-forming perforins and granzymes to induce apoptosis
61
An allergy is an inflammatory response to a _____
Nonpathogenic antigen (allergen)
62
What antibody is involved in allergic responses?
IgE
63
MHC proteins are also known as ______
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
64
Blood type O creates ________
anti-A and anti-B antibodies
65
Blood type A creates ________
Anti-B antibodies
66
Blood type AB creates _______
no antibodies to type A or B

CELL 362 (20 decks)

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