Ch 5 - The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the circulatory system

A

The heart

Blood vessels:
The arteries
The Veins
The capillaries

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2
Q

Blood transports:

A
Carbon dioxide 
Oxygen
Glucose and other Nutrients 
Hormones 
White blood cells
Haemoglobin
Platelets 
Plasma
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3
Q

What blood vessels do when experiencing cold conditions and warm conditions

A

Vasoconstriction - The vessels constrict and move inwards towards the warmth

Vasodilation - Move outwards towards the skin and dilate to lose heat

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4
Q

Circulatory Systems

A

Pulmonary:
Heart to the lungs (de-o2) and then to the heart (o2)

Systemic:
Heart (o2) to the body where exchange happens at the cells, then back to the heart (de-o2)

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5
Q

Arteries

A

Carry o2
Red in diagrams (usually)
Move blood away from the heart
Work under much higher pressure than the veins

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6
Q

Veins

A

Transport de-o2 blood
Usually blue in diagrams
Carries de-o2 blood to the heart
Have valves in them to prevent back flow

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7
Q

Capillaries

A

1 cell thick

Permeable for gas exchange (Ficks Law of Diffusion)

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8
Q

How the Blood vessels interact

A

Arteries (transport o2) -> Capillaries (gas exchange occurs) -> Veins (carry de-o2 blood back to the heart)

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9
Q

Composition of Blood - RBC

A

Red Blood Cells

Produced in the bone marrow
Transport:
Haemoglobin 
- Body decides how much it needs (people and height and athletes have a higher amount usually)
- Also made in bone marrow 
- A type of protein 
- Replaced every 108 - 140 Days
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10
Q

The Composition of Blood - WBC

A

White Blood Cells
- Made in bone marrow

  • Fight infections/bacterias (part of the immune system)
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11
Q

Composition of Blood - Plasma

A

A salty liquid in our blood that has no cells in it

- Where you would find the carbonic acid mix

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12
Q

Composition of Blood - Platelets

A

Responsible for the coagulation of our blood (clump our blood together)

  • Forms blood clots
  • Rush to the surface when we cut ourselves to form a scab
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13
Q

Blood Flow Through The Heart

A

All De-Oxygenated:
1 - Vena Cava
2 - Right Atrium - Stores blood (weak pump)
3 - Right Ventricle - Main pumping force (strong thick muscle)
4 - Pulmonary Arteries (only arteries to carry de-o2)
5 - Lungs (where the blood exchanges CO2 for O2 and becomes oxygenated)

All Oxygenated:
1 - Pulmonary Veins (transport newly o2ated blood to heart -Only veins to carry 02ated blood)
2 - Left Atrium (storage)
3 - Left Ventricle - Major pump
4 - Aorta 
5 - Systemic System
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14
Q

Blood Supply to the Heart

A

The heart is a big muscle and requires fuel (o2 and glucose) through internal respiration

Wrapped in its own arteries and veins

  • Coronary artery delivers o2 and nutrients
  • Coronary Veins remove waste products:
    - Carbon dioxide
    - Water (Which forms carbonic acid)
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15
Q

Pulse Rate

A

Average of 72bpm in an average healthy adult

Controlled by: (autonomous NS / Vegetative)

  • Glucose levels
  • Exercise
  • Adrenaline
  • CO2

Effected by: - Eating

  • Caffeine / drugs
  • Age (pulse increases as you get older)
  • Gender (females have a slightly higher pulse)
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16
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 contraction

  • Roughly 70ml on average
17
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minutes

CO = HR x SV

Average is roughly 5-5.5 Litres per minute

18
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

Coronary arteries block over time - Plaque builds up
- The heart then no longer can function properly as it doesn’t receive the nutrients and energy it needs

  • Clots can form and also block the arteries and veins

When veins block, the waste products can no longer be removed :
- Leads to pain in the heart (angina)

19
Q

Factors that can increase the risk of Angina

A

Age
Stress
CHD

20
Q

Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)

A

CHD can lead to a heart attack (where an area of the heart receives such little o2, it actually dies)

21
Q

Symptoms of a Heart Attack

A
Pain in the left side of the body and heart
Breathing rate increases
Chest becomes tight 
Feelings of Nausea - Vomiting 
Sweating
Pallor 

80% of victims admitted to hospital survive

Most common cause of deaths to males over 40

22
Q

Factors making you most prone to a myocardial infarction

A
Hereditary (most contributing factor)
Smoking
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Lack of exercise (20/30 mins 3x a week)
Diabetes (bought upon by obesity)
23
Q

Anaemia

A

A low red blood cell count leading to:

  • Decreased amounts of haemoglobin
  • Decreased amounts of iron (found in broccoli, chocolate, red meat, wheetabix)

Symptoms:

  • Pallor (pale)
  • Lethargic (tired, weak, fatigue)
24
Q

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

A

Caused by the incomplete combustion of carbon
(Piston engine aircraft more likely than jets)

CO is more easily absorbed into haemoglobin than o2 (210-250% more easily than o2)

Body does not react to it and doesn’t know it is happening

  • Odourless
  • Colourless (cant detect it)

Highly toxic and will kill you

25
Q

Symptoms of Cardbon Monoxide poisoning (CO)

A
Headache
Quite red (flushed - cherry red skin (RUDDY))
Dizziness and impaired vision
Nausea
Lethargic (sleepy and weak)
Joint Pain
Impaired memory 
Unconsciousness -> Death 

Can be caused by cockpit heaters but there are detectors

26
Q

If carbon monoxide is present in the cabin and factors that affect the severity

A

Put on o2 mask and breath 100%
Turn off cabin heater
In light aircraft you can open the windows or Verny
Land ASAP
Can be several days recovery - See you AME

Factors affecting the severity:

  • Altitude
  • Smoking
  • Lung disease or infection
  • Age
  • Obesity
27
Q

Smoking

A

Cigarettes contain:

  • Carbon monoxide - reduce the amount of saturated O2
  • Nicotine
  • Tar (substance used to tar roads)
  • Arsenic and Cyanide (Highly Poisonous)

Affect:

  • Time of useful consciousness is reduced by 50% in the case of hypoxia
  • Night vision decreases
  • Reduced G tolerance
  • Increase the risk of CHD and heart attacks
  • Carboxyhemoglobin levels increase by 7% if smoking 20 a day
28
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Depends on:

  • HR (xSV=CO)
  • Elasticity of arterial walls and thickness
  • Peripheral resistance (plaque)
  • Viscosity of the blood
  • Age plays a big part. BP increases as you get older as arterial walls thicken and elasticity decreases

Systolic/Diastolic (mmHg)

29
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

When the ventricles contract.

Is the pressure in the arteries as the ventricles contract.

Measured on the upper arm as the blood pressure is going to be roughy the same as the heart as it is on the same level of the heart.

30
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

When the ventricles are relaxed, in between beats

31
Q

Hypertension definition causes and effects

A

High BP. 140/90mmHg

Causes:
Age
Obesity 
Stress
Hereditary 
Gender
Pregnancy 
Smoking
Effects:
Can lead to strokes
Heart attack
Angina 
Nose bleeds
Heart palpitations
Complete kidney failure (stagnation of waste products -> toxins)
32
Q

Treating Hypertension

A
Decrease amount of salt in the diet (decrease cholesterol)
Exercise
Reduce stress
Drugs (thin the blood)
Stop smoking
33
Q

Hypotension causes and effect

A

Low blood pressure

Causes:
Haemorrhage - accidents /disease
Low glucose levels
Giving blood - bad response which is emotional (shock)
Emotions
Genetics / Hereditary
Effects:
Death
Pallor and clammy
Dizziness -> pass out 
Nausea 
Reduced concentration levels
Stagnation of blood (pooling in the lower extremities which can lead to death of areas in contact with)
Lethargy
34
Q

Treatment of Hypotension

A

Clog bleeding asap
Drugs to increases platelet count
Eat surgery items

35
Q

Pressoreceptors

A

Located in the carotid artery, up stream of the heart but before the brain

They help regulate BP and Heart rate

Part of the autonomous NS regulation.

Hypertensive - pressorecptors decrease HR and atrial walls relax

Hypotensive -> Increase HR and tighten arterial walls

36
Q

Blood Donation

A

The reaction to blood donation is emotional (shock) which leads to a decrease BP and then fainting (syncope)

Increased susceptibility to hypoxia due to the decreased levels of haemoglobin (cant usually give blood within 3/4 months)
- Shouldn’t give blood 24 hours before duty

If you give blood, you can reduce the effects:

  • Drink plenty of fluids
  • Lying flat (supine) for 15 - 30 minutes
  • Seek advice from AME before you do it