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Human Performance And Limitations > Ch 4 - Atmos, Gas Laws, Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch 4 - Atmos, Gas Laws, Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Volume is inversely proportional to Pressure

PV = K

Barotraumas - Otic

                   - Gastro Intestinal
                   - Sinus

Aerodontalgia - Air pockets in teeth

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2
Q

Charles’ Law

A

Volume is proportional to Temperature

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3
Q

Guy Lussac’s Law

A

Temperature is proportional to Pressure

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4
Q

Combined Gas Law

A

PV/T = K

P1V1/T1 =P2V2/T2

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5
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Law of Partial Pressures

Sum of partial Pressures = Total Pressure

Linked to; Hypoxia and Night vision

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6
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the amount of pressure acting on it.

Linked to decompression sickness (DCS)
- Nitrogen in the blood, coming out of the solution in bubbles

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7
Q

Fick’s Law

A

Law of diffusion

Gas transfer in 2 areas

High to Low

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8
Q

Atmosphere Compromised Of

A 
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
1% Other gasses compromising:
- Argon 0.93%
- Carbon Dioxide 0.038%
- Others 0.0407%

Water Vapour roughly 1% (0%-5%)

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9
Q

ISA

A

MSL

Temperature +15 degrees C
Pressure 1013.25hPa or 29.92inHg or 760mmHg
Density 1.225kg/m cubed
Lapse Rate -1.98 degrees/ 1000ft

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10
Q

Tropopause

A

Edge of our atmosphere
11km (36,090ft)

11km - 20km = -56.5 degrees C

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11
Q

Humidity

A

Absolute - Weight of water vapour in a unit volume of air at a given temp

Relative (%) = Actual/Mass

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12
Q

Atmospheric Partial Pressures

A

MSL 760mmHg
3/4 = 8000ft
1/2 = 18,000ft
1/4 = 36,000ft

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13
Q

Lung Partial Pressures

A

MSL = 713 mmHg (47mmHg Water vapour)
= 98 Partial pressure of oxygen (13.7%)

12,000ft = 436mmHg roughly 55-59 partial pressure of oxygen

55 partial pressure of oxygen is the minimum required to function satisfactorily

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14
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Protein in the blood that absorbs and carries Oxygen

Made in bone marrow

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15
Q

Blood Saturation Levels (haemoglobin)

A 
MSL = 97.5%
10,000ft = 87%
20,000ft = 65%
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16
Q

O2 Requirements in a non-pressurised cabin

A

0 - 10,000ft Air only
10,000 - 33,700ft Oxygen and Air mix
- Keeps body at ground/sea level
33,700 - 40,000ft 100% Oxygen
- Keeps body at 10,000ft (partial pressure)
40,000ft< Oxygen under pressure
- Keeps body at 10,000ft

17
Q

Pressurised Cabin

A

Keeps body at 6000 - 8000ft

Helps prevent barotrauma, hypoxia, decompression sickness

18
Q

The Anatomy of the Respiratory System

A

Nose - Filters, Moistens, Warms up to increase efficiency of gas exchange

Larynx

Trachea

2 Bronchus (Bronchi)

Bronchioles

Alveoli (300,000,000)

19
Q

Respiration

A

External - Breathing -> the gas diffusion in the alveoli

Internal - Metabolism -> All cells in the body, Oxygen and Glucose metabolised to give energy to the cells

  • 2 Waste Products - Water
    - CO2 -> Carbonic Acid which increases Alkalinity
20
Q

Lung Volumes

A

Tidal Volume 500ml Normal intake and exhale

Inspiratory Reserve Volume 3100ml Forcible inhale after TV

Expiratory Reserve Volume 1200ml Forcible exhale after TV

Residual Volume 1200-1400ml Always remains in lungs after ERV

21
Q

Lung Capacities

A

Total Lung Capacity 6000ml Total of everything

Vital Capacity 4800ml 80% Total - Forcible exhale after inhale

Inspiratory Capacity 3600ml - Max air inhaled

Functional Residual Capacity 2400ml Amount of air in lungs after a normal exhale

22
Q

Hypoxia Causes

A

Caused by low saturation levels of oxygen in the blood

  • Reduced levels of atmospheric oxygen
  • Lung Infections
  • Blocked Airways
  • Drug Overdose
23
Q

Zones of Hypoxia

A

Indifferent Zone GL-10,000ft
- Night vision effected as low as 5000ft

Compensatory Zone 10,000ft - 15,000ft
- Automatic responses provide some protection against hypoxia trying to maintain homeostasis

Disturbance Zone 15,000ft - 20,000ft
- Classic Symptoms of Hypoxia

Critical Zone 20,000ft - 30,000ft
Homeostatic systems can no longer cope

24
Q

Thresholds of Hypoxia

A

Reaction Threshold GL - 7000ft
- Dark adaption is adversely affected, can be as low as 5000ft

Disturbance Threshold 7000ft - 12,000ft
- Automatic responses provide some protection against hypoxia training to maintain Homeostasis

Critical Threshold 12,000ft - 22,000ft
- Incapacitation with loss of consciousness follows with little or no warning

25
Q

Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC)

A

20,000ft 30 Minutes seated 5 minutes (halved if a smoker)

30,000ft 1 - 2 Minutes seated

35,000ft 30-90 seconds seated

40,000ft 15-20 seconds seated

26
Q

Hypoxia Symptoms

A

Vary from person to person

  • Skin discolouration - Cyanosis (blue) Paccor
  • Cough
  • Fast HR
  • Rapid Breathing
  • Shortness of breath
  • Sweating/Wheezing
  • EUPHORIA (the bad one)
  • > Impaired judgement (another bad one)
  • Formication (ants)
27
Q

Hyperventilation & Causes

A

Losing too much Carbon Dioxide

Causes;

  • Anxiety - Personal
  • Motion Sickness
  • Stress - Personal
  • Self induced (deliberate)
28
Q

Hyperventilation Symptoms

A
  • Rapid Breathing
  • Tingling
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Blurred Vision
  • Loss of consciousness -> Reset Body
29
Q

Decompression Sickness/ Illness (DCS)

A

When dissolved gasses, usually Nitrogen, come out of solution as bubbles in the blood

Going from high to low pressure too quickly

Above 14,000ft

Won’t occur in a pressurised cabin

Scuba diving makes it more likely pre-flight
Heavy Exercise
Hung over
Fat/Obese. All make it worse!!

30
Q

Decompression Sickness Symptoms

A 
Bad hang over or flu like symptoms
Weakness
Arthritis pinch points
Numbness
Ringing ears
Tired
Chest Pain
Sweating

Avoid Alcohol pre flight
Previous flight too close to next flight
Avoid heavy exercise pre flight.

Emergency descent, land see specialist, O2 mask

31
Q

Effect of Decompression at altitude

A

The higher pressure in the aircraft will want to escape to the low pressure outside of the aircraft

Escaping air:

  • Increased velocity
  • Decreased Static Pressure inside the aircraft making the cabin pressure feel like it is 5000ft higher than it actually is
  • Rapid reduction in temperature which could reach the dew point of the moisture in the air, leading to condensation and then fog in the cabin
32
Q

What to do in the event of a decompression

A

O2 mas on breathing 100% O2
Start decent to 10000ft or minimum safety altitude (MSA) or which ever is higher
- Inform ATC

Human Performance And Limitations (15 decks)

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