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Physiology > Ch 5 Cellular Signaling > Flashcards

Ch 5 Cellular Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

4 principal mechanisms of cell communication

A

gap junctions
neurotransmitters
paracrines
hormones

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2
Q

3 steps of cell signaling

A
  1. receptor
  2. transduction
  3. response
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3
Q

chemical messengers bind to specific target-cell proteins known as

A

receptors

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4
Q

Types of chemical messengers

A

water-soluble
Lipid-soluble

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5
Q

water-soluble chemical messengers bind…

A

to receptors in plasma membrane

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6
Q

lipid-soluble chemical messengers bind…

A

to intracellular receptors in cytosol or nucleus

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7
Q

Do hydrophobic or philic go faster

A

hydrophilic faster
hydrophobic slower

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8
Q

Signal transduction

A

initiation of a sequence of events leading to a response

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9
Q

Types of receptors

A

plasma membrane receptors
intracellular receptors

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10
Q

plasma membrane receptors

A

integral membrane proteins; send signals without direct contact to DNA

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11
Q

intracellular receptors

A

cytosol or nucleus; signals through direct contact to DNA

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12
Q

Ligand binding specificity

A

binds to other proteins

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13
Q

Central drogma

A

DNA -> mRNA -> Protein

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14
Q

N-terminus vs C-terminus

A

N: front end of polypeptide chain, amino terminus
C: end of polypeptide chain, carboxylic terminus

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15
Q

Receptor characteristics

A

specificity
affinity
saturation
Competition

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16
Q

Receptor specificity

A
  • selective expression leads to specificity in the systems
  • Response of individual cells with the same receptor also vary on cell type
17
Q

Receptor affinity

A

High affinity
Low affinity
Competitor

18
Q

High affinity receptor

A

high concentration of bound messenger

19
Q

low affinity receptor

A

less ability to bind messenger to receptor

20
Q

Competitior

A

compete with availability

21
Q

Receptor competiton

A

ability of a molecule to compete with a natural ligand to bind for its receptor

22
Q

Agonist example

A

decongestant acts on alpha adregenic receptors like epinephrine
BOOST. ENHANCED CELL ACTIVITY

23
Q

Antagonist example

A

beta adrenergic receptor blocker (high blood pressure; epinephrine)
BLOCK CELL ACTIVITY

24
Q

Receptor saturation

A

there is a max limit of responsiveness of a receptor
Directly dependent to the number of receptors available in a cell

25
Q

Regulation of receptors

A

down-regulation
up-regulation

26
Q

down regulation

A

decrease of number of receptors on a target
aided by internalization

27
Q

up regulation

A

increase number of receptors on a target
aided by insertion of stored vesicle bound receptors

28
Q

Signal transdsuction pathways

A

water-soluble
lipid-soluble

29
Q

Lipid-soluble messengers…

A

diffuse through the plasma membrane
Have intracellular receptors
bind directly to DNA
slow but sustained response

30
Q

Water-soluble messengers…

A

activate intracellular signaling
faster response but not long lasting
Require second messengers to carry out effects

31
Q

Ligand-gated ion channel…

A
  • first messenger (ligand) causes a conformational change of receptor on plasma membrane
  • Opening of ion channels results in an increase in the net diffusion of one or more types of ions
  • change in membrane potential of cell
32
Q

Enzymes

A
  • most are protein kinases that phosphorylate tyrosine: receptor tyrosine kinases
  • activate and act as docking site for other proteins
33
Q

Janus Kinases interactions

A
  • JAK
  • immune response
  • example cytokines
34
Q

G Protein-Coupled Receptors

A
  • most numerous
  • G-Proteins - protein complexes bound to inactive receptors on plasma membrane
35
Q

3 sub-units of G proteins

A

alpha
beta
gamma

36
Q

G-protein sub units can bind…

A

GDP and GTP

37
Q

Hydrophobic second messengers

A

DAG, and PI

38
Q

Hydrophilic second messengers

A

cAMP
cGMP
IP
Ca2+

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