Ch 15 Digestive Part 1 and 2 Flashcards
Metabolism
total of chemical reactions occuring at the same time
catabolism
breakdown of organic molecules by the cells
anabolism
synthesis of organic molecules by cells
Chemical reactions
- breaking chemical bonds in reactant molecules
- breakdown and synthesis of organic molecules is accomplished through chemical reactions
what type of protein is more rapidly degrades
denatured (unfolded)
what targets proteins for degradation
ubiquitin (small peptide)
what do ubiquitins do
directs the protein a proteasome which unfolds the proteins and breaks it down into small peptides
describe reactant concentration
greater concentrations = faster reaction rate
describe activation energy
greater activation energy = slower reaction rate
describe temperature in reaction rates
higher temp = faster reaction rate
describe a catalyst in reaction rates
speeds up reaction rate
What are enzymes
protein molecules that act as a protein catalyst
enzyme mediated reactions
start when enzyme makes contact with reactants (substrates)
enzyme substrate complex
substrate binds to enzyme which then breaks down to release an enzyme
2 enzyme models
- lock-and-key
- induced-fit
what are the three enzyme mediated reaction regulations
- substrate concentration
- enzyme concentration
- enzyme activity
allosteric modulation
requires phosphate enzyme
(think allosteric phosphate)
covalent modulation
requires a kinase enzyme
(think covalent kinase)
Main 4 processes of GI tract
Absorption
Secretion
Digestion
Motility
5 stages of food processing
Ingestion - Mouth
Digestion - Stomach
Absorption - Small Intestine
Compaction - Large intestine
Defecation - Anus
Mechanical digestion
physical breakdown of food
Chemical digestion
hydrolysis reactions to break macromolecules into monomers
Swallowing Center location
Located in the medulla oblongata
3 salivary glands
parotid
sublingual
submandibular
