Ch. 5 Cellular changes

Question 1

Atrophy examples (9)

Answer 1

1) broken bone - muscle/bone atrophy
2) post injury/fall - muscle atrophy
3) spinal cord injury - muscle atrophy due to neuromuscular dysfunction
4) bone can atrophy
5) brain tissue can atrophy - cerebral atrophy
6) atrophy of glands
7) vaginal atrophy
8) use of prednisone or steroids can lead to atrophy of adrenal glands
9) steroid use can lead to atrophy of the testes

Question 2

Hypertophy

Answer 2

Increase in the size of cells due to an increase in functional demand

Results in enlarged tissue mass

Question 3

Hypertrophy example

Answer 3

Cardiomegaly -> results in less space for blood to flow through the atria and ventricles - severely restrict cardiac output

Question 4

Hyperplasia

Answer 4

Increase in the number of cells due to an increase in functional demand and/or increased stress

Results in enlarged tissue mass

Question 5

Hyperplasia- examples

Answer 5

On toes or any place where anything is rubbing on the body

Can lead to calluses of the skin

Gingival Hyperplasia: gums are overriding teeth, side effects of drug use (cyclosporine which is used to treat infection)

Question 6

Metaplasia

Answer 6

Mature cell type is replaced by a different normal mature cell type, typically due to increased stress

More severe change but is reversible!!

Question 7

Metaplasia - examples

Answer 7

1) trachea of a smoker -> pseudostratified columnar epithelium is replaced by growth of squamous epithelium

Is reversible if smoker quits !

2) bladder stones can change the epithelium of the bladder
3) GERD can change the epithelium of the esophagus

Question 8

Dysplasia

Answer 8

Change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement and/or structure typically due to increased stress

Question 9

Dysplasia - examples

Answer 9

1) pap smears - cervical tissue
Pre-screening for cervical cancer
2) anemia
3) leukemia

Question 10

Anaplasia

Answer 10

CANCEROUS, NOT REVERSIBLE

Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures

Can imply more advanced cancer

Question 11

Neoplasm

Answer 11

CANCEROUS, NOT REVERSIBLE

“New growth” - commonly called tumor

Question 12

Etiologies of cell injury (6)

Answer 12

1) ischemia and hypoxic injury
Loss of blood flow and lack of oxygen

Ischemia can cause more damage

2) free radical injury
3) nutritional injury
4) infectious and immunologic injury
5) chemical injury
6) physical and mechanical injury

Question 13

First stage of reversible cell injury is:

Answer 13

Hydropic swelling

Question 14

Hydropic swelling

Answer 14

Cellular swelling due to the accumulation of water

Results from the malfunction of the Na/K pump
If that’s not working, sodium ions will build up in cell and water follows therefore resulting in swelling

Pump fails due to loss of energy or ATP

Will lead to increase in size and weight of that organ

Question 15

Second stage of reversible cell injury:

Answer 15

Intracellular Accumulations

Mostly reversible

1) normal body substances such as lipids, proteins, melanin can build up in body
2) faulty metabolism (genetic) : ex: tay-sachs disease
3) exogenous products - coal dust enters the lung cells and the lung cannot process the coal dust and so it can build up inside the cell

Question 16

Free Radical Formation

Answer 16

1) an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms that contain an unpaired electron
2) unstable, formed by oxidation/reduction process

3) cause damage by:
Lipid peroxidation
Attacks proteins disrupting transporting channels

Question 17

Irreversible Cell Injury

Answer 17

Necrosis

Question 18

Necrosis

Answer 18

1) usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia or toxic injury
2) characterized by cell rupture, spilling of contents into extracellular fluid, and inflammation

Question 19

4 types of necrosis

Answer 19

1) coagulative
2) liquefactive
3) fat
4) caseous

Question 20

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 20

A process that begins with ischemia/hypoxia then to loss of energy then to inefficiency of Na/K pump,
Na builds up inside cell, water flows into cell, cell compensates loss of energy through glycolysis to make ATP, byproduct is acid, acid buildup inside cell, cell ruptures, content spills

Question 21

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 21

Once cell is damaged and releases its contents, the dead cells start to be dissolved by lysosomal enzymes that are released.
These enzymes can also damage surrounding healthy tissue as well. When this is going on, will form abscesses or cysts from that dissolved dead tissue.

Question 22

Fat necrosis

Answer 22

Death of adipose tissue mostly due to trauma

Question 23

Caseous Necrosis

Answer 23

Lung damage secondary to tuberculosis

Question 24

Consequences of necrosis

Answer 24

1) loss of function
2) inflammatory response (can be localized or systemic) fever, fatigue, malaise, body aches
3) foci of infection
4) release of intracellular proteins
- > serum levels used as markers of cell death
- > troponin levels, myoglobin levels

Question 25

Tissue death on a larger scale

Answer 25

Gangrene

• > cellular death in a large area of tissue
• > results from interruption of blood supply to a particular part of the body
• > 3 types: dry, wet, and gas

Question 26

Dry gangrene

Answer 26

Form of coagulative necrosis

Slow spreading, someone who has poor circulation to lower extremities, diabetic pts, pts with peripheral arterial disease

Characterized by blackened, dry, wrinkled tissue separated by a line of demarcation from healthy tissue

Question 27

Wet gangrene

Answer 27

Form of liquefactive necrosis typically found in internal organs but also can be seen outwardly

Spreads very quickly

Question 28

Gas Gangrene

Answer 28

Results from infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium), which is characterized by formation of gas bubbles in damaged tissue

Question 29

Apoptosis

Answer 29

Occurs in response to injury that does not directly kill the cell, but triggers intracellular cascades that activate a cellular suicide response

Not always a pathologic process
Is a cascade signaling process
Does not cause inflammation or any further damage!

Question 30

Atrophy

Answer 30

Decrease in the size of cells due to a decrease in functional demand

Results in reduced tissue mass

Question 31

infarction

Answer 31

Necrosis or death of tissues due to local ischemia resulting from obstruction of blood flow