Ch. 12 Mechanisms of Infectious Disease

Question 1

Infection = a state of __ __ resulting from __ of __.

Answer 1

tissue destruction; invasion; microorganisms

Question 2

Infections can be spread from person to person and those are called

Answer 2

communicable diseases

Question 3

Non-communicable infections are called

Answer 3

1. opportunistic infections
   (when somebody is immunocompromised)
2. disorders like HIV or any type of treatment such as steroid therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy can lead to opportunistic infections

Question 4

Epidemiology

Answer 4

the study of factors/events that influence the transmission of infectious diseases among humans or from nonhumans to humans

Question 5

Sporadic

Answer 5

a random person here and there that comes down with that infection

Question 6

Endemic

Answer 6

continuous transmission within a population; we’re in a specific geographic region ; relatively stable over time.

Question 7

Epidemic

Answer 7

We’re looking at a much higher than normal transmission and spreading to new geographical areas; it’s abrupt, unexpected, incidence is going to rapidly increase over the endemic rates; we’ve seen this in the latest Ebola outbreak in Wester Africa

Question 8

Pandemic

Answer 8

Spread beyond continental borders

ex: HIV/AIDS

Question 9

Chain of Infection: what is the chain?

Answer 9

1. infectious agent
2. reservoirs
3. portal of exit
4. means of transmission
5. portal of entry
6. susceptible host

Question 10

Chain of infection: infectious agent

What is this? and how can we break this chain?

Answer 10

Our bacteria, virus, etc.

We can break this chain by sterilization.

Question 11

Chain of infection: Reservoirs

What is this? and how can we break this chain?

Answer 11

Reservoirs are what holds the infection and keeps it together so then it can be transmitted

Like mosquito breeding in water and passing on malaria

People and equipment can be reservoirs; can hold those microorganisms

we can break the chain by sanitizing our equipment and use antimicrobial drugs on ourselves to eliminate ourselves from becoming reservoirs

Question 12

Chain of infection: Portal of Exit:

What is this? and how can we break this chain?

Answer 12

we need the microbe to leave the reservoir so they can pass it onto others:

1. our skin
2. any of our secretions
3. us sneezing on somebody/any excretion that might come out

to break the chain, we cover our mouths when we cough; we get rid of tissue that we’ve used

Question 13

Name the type of modes of transmission:

Answer 13

1. Universal Precautions
2. Contact Precautions
3. Droplet Transmission
4. Aerosol Transmission
5. Vector Borne

Question 14

Universal precautions

Answer 14

hand hygiene; not using equipment from one person to another

Question 15

Contact precautions

Answer 15

gown + gloves

Question 16

Droplet transmission

Answer 16

droplets typically only go a few feet (3-4 feet) and then will fall to the ground and won’t cause an issue

wear mask

Question 17

aerosol transmission

Answer 17

somebody who has TB; small particles can travel much further and be suspended in air ;

wear N-95 mask

Question 18

Vector borne

Answer 18

an insect/animal serves as the intermediate host; mosquitoes in areas with sitting water; the mosquito is the vector that can transmit malaria to an individual; the dog that bites another person may lead to that person getting rabies

Question 19

Nosocomial infections are when somebody gets an infection at

Answer 19

the hospital, doctor’s office, long term care facilities, nursing homes

Question 20

About __ -__% of patients actually get an infection while they are in the hospital b/c we are not doing our appropriate practices

Answer 20

10-15%

Question 21

So after that pathogen enters the host, there is an __ __ that occurs . The body starts to recognize it an the immune process starts to kick in. At this point, there are no __ or __ __.

Answer 21

incubation period

local; systemic manifestations

Question 22

Then, after incubation period, there is a __ __. This is aka __-__ __. The disease is there and there’s a few __ but they are vague and __.

Answer 22

prodromal period
sub-clinical illness
symptoms
systematic

Question 23

vague systemic manifestations gradually become __ __ __ and __ __ particularly those of __ so the _, _, _, _, and __ _ __.

We may also be developing __ and __. During the __ __, we have an adequate immune response and we able to eventually defeat the invading organism

Answer 23

greater systemic manifestations;

local manifestations; inflammation; heat; redness; swelling; pain; loss of function

abscesses; pus; clinical illness

Question 24

After the clinical illness comes the

Answer 24

convalescent stage - here we will start feeling better, things start to recover although we may still have some general malaise, fatigue, low grade fever until we recover

Question 25

Infection getting into the bloodstream:

Answer 25

septicemia

Question 26

Specific clinical manifestations:

Answer 26

relates to where the infection might and also what the invading organism is ex: if we ate some bad food, we may have n/v/d ; If it is breathed in our respiratory tract, it could be PNA

Question 27

Nonspecific clinical manifestations:

Answer 27

``` general systemic manifestations : fever loss of appetite headache tiredness myalgia general body pain nausea ```

Question 28

Obvious manifestations

Answer 28

predictable patterns

Question 29

Covert manifestations

Answer 29

requiring specific lab testing to detect

Question 30

If infection is BACTERIAL, exudates are going to be

Answer 30

purulent, green/yellow, smell | true if we have a respiratory illness

Question 31

If infection is VIRAL, exudates are

Answer 31

clear or serous ; if we have a respiratory infection and we are coughing and clear maybe white, serous, that is going to be a viral infection like maybe an influenza

Question 32

Symptomatology

Answer 32

looking at clinical signs or symptoms and comparing that with what we know happens in certain infectious diseases and diagnose based on that

Question 33

what is it called when our WBC counts have increased

Answer 33

leukocytosis

Question 34

If it's a bacterial infection, we will see a sharp increase in

Answer 34

neutrophils

Question 35

If we have a decrease in WBC or an increase in certain WBCs like our __ ___ , this indicates __ __

Answer 35

T lymphocytes; viral infection

Question 36

We can also check __ __ __ to see if somebody has a disease like HIV

Answer 36

serum antibody levels we test if they have developed antibodies against the virus

Question 37

It is important to remember for children: not to give __ for pain or fever especially if we suspect they have a __ illness; they can get __ __ which can lead to permanent __ and __ damage

Answer 37

ASA viral Reye's Syndrome neurologic; liver

Question 38

Influenza = __ infection of the __ cells of the upper respiratory airway. The __ infects the __ cells leading to cell __ and __ of the tissue in the upper respiratory tract

Answer 38

viral ; epithelial cells virus; epithelial; necrosis; rupture; necrosis

Question 39

There are 3 types of virus that lead to influenza. (Type A, B, C) Type A: __ __ and __ __ form that we are going to see in the general population; Those annual flu vaccines are going to attack Type _ type of viruses they are expecting for that year. Type B: is __ and seen in __. Typce C: __ __ form of influenza

Answer 39

more severe; more common A mild; children very rare

Question 40

Influenza is transmitted through __ __ It is viral so the secretions are going to be: however, somebody that has the flu is more susceptible to getting a __ __ on top of that; If they do, they will have a __/__ sputum that they are going to cough up

Answer 40

respiratory droplets clear, serous, maybe a little white, but no color green/yellow

Question 41

Local manifestations of influenza:

Answer 41

1. cough 2. sore throat 3. congestion in the nasal passages/ upper airways 4. drainage or secretions that are white, could be thick

Question 42

Systemic manifestations include:

Answer 42

1. fever (sometime high fever) 2. chills 3. body aches 4. anorexia (loss of appetite) 5. malaise