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PATHO > Ch. 1 Intro To Patho > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Intro To Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Physis

A

Nature

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2
Q

Pathology

A

Study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Study of mechanical, physical, and biochemical fxns of living organisms

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4
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Study of altered health

Study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings

Study of:

1) etiology
2) pathogenesis
3) clinical manifestations of disease

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5
Q

Etiology

A

What causes a disease or reasons for it occurring

Is the first step in the pathophysiologic process

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6
Q

Etiology can be: (3)

A
  1. Idiopathic
  2. Iatrogenic
  3. Multifactorial
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7
Q

Etiology -> idiopathic

A

Cause is unknown

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8
Q

Etiology -> Iatrogenic

A

Cause is the result of an unintended or unwanted medical treatment

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9
Q

Etiology -> Multifactorial

A

Has multiple etiologic factors that contributes to its development

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10
Q

Etiologic factors : Examples (4)

A
  1. biologic agents (bacteria, viruses -> such as PNA, Meningitis, HIV)
  2. Physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation) skin cancer from UV sunlight, broken bones and cuts
  3. Chemical agents (poisons, alcohol)
    Poisons are more direct
    Alcohol can lead to a host of conditions such as chronic pancreatitis, cancers of the stomach
    and mouth, alcohol leads to more insidious processes
  4. Nutritional excesses or deficits
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11
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Development of disease from the initial etiology to the ultimate clinical manifestations of that disease

Comprised of risk factors, precipitating risk factors, and mechanisms that lead to clinical manifestations

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12
Q

Risk factors

A

Factor when present increases the likelihood of disease

Identification is important for disease prevention

Focus of epidemiology

Modifiable vs. non-modifiable

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13
Q

Modifiable risk factor

A

Something that we can address or change in an individual

Ex: If we can help a person quit smoking we can decrease their risk for lung cancer

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14
Q

Non-modifiable risk factor

A

Factor not controllable

Ex: Age

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15
Q

Precipitating factors

A

Triggers that promote the onset of clinical manifestations

Allergic reaction to cats can trigger an asthma attack

Pts allergic to sulfa drugs- trigger an allergic reaction if given bactrim which contains a sulfa drug, an antibiotic

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16
Q

Risk factors vs. precipitating factors

A

Risk factors lead to disease

Precipitating factors lead to manifestations when somebody already had the disease

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17
Q

Human Diversity

A

1) Cultural considerations
2) age and biologic factors linked
3) race/ethnic differences
4) socioeconomic status
5) gender differences
6) situational differences
7) time variations

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18
Q

Human diversity -> cultural considerations

A

Each culture defines health and illness in a manner that reflects their experience

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19
Q

Human diversity -> age and biological factors linked

A

A normal value for a person at one age may not be normal for a person at another age

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20
Q

Human diversity -> race/ethnic differences

A

Relevant in both health and disease

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21
Q

Human Diversity -> socioeconomic status

A

Lower SES have poorer health and health outcomes

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22
Q

Human diversity -> gender differences

A

Relevant in both health and disease

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23
Q

Human diversity -> situational differences

A

Determine whether a derivation from normal should be considered abnormal or an adaptation mechanism

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24
Q

Human diversity -> time variations

A

May impact how the body responds from day to night, or at varying times

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25
Q

Sx

A

Subjective feeling of abnormality in the body

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26
Q

Signs

A

Objective or observed manifestations of disease

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27
Q

Syndrome

A

A set of signs and sx not yet determined to delineate a disease

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28
Q

Types of Clinical Manifestations

A

1) local vs. systemic
2) acute ( first few days/weeks) vs. chronic (longer than 6 months) (asymptomatic)
Ex: Hepatitis C -> period of being asymptomatic then if enough liver damage may start having sx
3) remissions vs. exacerbations
Period of no sx vs. flaring up of sx

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29
Q

Diagnosis

A

Medical, nursing, and collaborative

Ex: PNA, inability to clear lungs, things that teams need to work together in order to diagnosis

30
Q

Treatment

A

1) medical, nursing, and collaborative interventions
2) eliminate and reduce cause
3) eliminate and reduce clinical manifestations

31
Q

Sources of evidence (5)

Most preferred to least preferred

A

1) Primary research - large sample size
2) secondary data analysis
3) meta-analysis
4) practice experience
5) expert opinion

32
Q

Evidence-based practice

A

Practice of caring for others in health and illness that is cognizant (aware) of the most current knowledge in the health professions

33
Q

Levels of prevention - primary

A

To help prevent someone from getting the disease

-> altering susceptibility; reducing exposure to susceptible persons

34
Q

Levels of prevention - Secondary

A

Early detection and screening

Find the disease early before it causes any problems and help get rid of it or address it to prevent any further complications

35
Q

Levels of prevention - tertiary

A

Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning following disease

Person already has disease , will treat them to help prevent them from getting worse, give them the best functioning quality of life

36
Q

Epidemiology terms: Incidence

A

New cases over a time period

37
Q

Epidemiology terms: prevalence

A

Existing cases over a time period

38
Q

Epidemiology terms -> reliability

A

Same results when repeated

39
Q

Epidemiology terms-> validity

A

Measuring what was intended

40
Q

Epidemiology terms -> sensitivity

A

Correctly identifies a condition

41
Q

Epidemiology term -> specificity

A

Correctly excludes a condition

42
Q

Epidemiology term -> predictive value

A

whether the observation/test can predict disease or condition

43
Q

Epidemiology terms -> morbidity

A

Causes disease, illness, consequences

44
Q

Epidemiology -> mortality

A

Causes death

45
Q

Pathos

A

Suffering

46
Q

State the World Health Organization definition of Health

A

“state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity”

47
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the physical form and structure of an organism, or the form and structure of a particular organism

48
Q

Histology

A

The branch of anatomy that deals with the minute (microscopic) structure, composition, and function of cells and tissue.

49
Q

Lesion

A

Any wound, injury, or pathologic change in body tissue

50
Q

Syndrome

A

A complex of signs and symptoms that occur together to present a clinical picture of a disease or inherited abnormality.

51
Q

Morbidity

A

A diseased condition or state; the relative incidence of a disease or of all diseases in a population.

52
Q

Congenital conditions may be caused by:

A
  1. genetic influences
  2. environmental factors
    EX: viral infections in the mother, maternal drug use, irradiation, or gestational position in utero
53
Q

Acquired defects

A

caused by events that occur after birth
EX: injury, exposure to infectious agents, inadequate nutrition, lack of oxygen, inappropriate immune responses, neoplasia

54
Q

Many diseases are thought to be the result of a genetic _____ and an ____ event that serve as a trigger to initiate disease development.

A

predisposition; environmental

55
Q

a normal value represents the test results that fall within the bell curve or the ___ ___

A

95% distribution

56
Q

a test that is 95% specific correctly identifies :

The other 5% are:

A

95 of 100 normal people

false-positive results

57
Q

preclinical stage is when the disease is not clinically evident and:

A

is destined to progress to clinical disease

58
Q

Subclinical disease: is not clinically apparent and:

A

is not destined to become clinically apparent

59
Q

a cohort study is also called a:

A

longitudinal study

Ex: Framingham Study: studied the characteristics of ppl who would later develop coronary heart disease + Nurses’ Health Study

60
Q

prognosis refers to the

A

probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease

61
Q

State the World Health Organization definition of Health:

A

Health = “State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity”

62
Q

Signs + Symptoms =

A

Clinical Manifestations

63
Q

Nursing Diagnosis

Medical Diagnosis

A

Nursing: human response to illness
Medical DX: example: PNA
WE AS NURSES are concerned about their inability to cough, clear their lungs, or adequately oxygenate them

64
Q

Collaborative Diagnosis

A

things that teams need to work together in order to diagnosis

65
Q

Examples of Primary Prevention:

A

immunizations, dental sealants, use of condoms, education on skin cancer prevention

66
Q

Examples of Secondary Prevention:

A

skin cancer screening, DRE (digital rectal exam), PSA, pap smear, breast self exam, pregnancy test

67
Q

Examples of Tertiary Prevention:

A

outreach programs, physical therapy, tetanus after stepping on a rusty nail

68
Q

What is a clinical course?

A

a clinical course describes the evolution of a disease; a disease can have an acute, subacute, or chronic course

69
Q

A subacute disease is:

A

intermediate or between acute and chronic; It is not as severe as an acute disease but not as prolonged as a chronic disease

70
Q

Preclinical stage =

A

the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease
Ex: hepatitis B - it is possible to transmit virus during the preclinical stage

71
Q

subclinical disease =

A

not clinically apparent and is not destined to become clinically apparent ; it is identified through culture and antibody tests; EX: TB - evidence of presence is established through skin tests

72
Q

a clinical disease =

A

manifested by signs and sx

PATHO (15 decks)

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