Ch. 15 Disorders of the Immune Response Flashcards
What are examples of excessive immune responses?
- Autoimmunity
- Alloimmunity
- Hypersensitivity
What is an example of deficient immune response?
host defense failure
Autoimmunity =
breakdown of self tolerance
Alloimmunity =
For ex:
MHC complexes
hyperacute graft rejection, blood transfusion reaction, graft vs. host disease
Hypersensitivity Reactions
there is a specific lymphocyte reaction; result in inflammation but differ in mechanism causing injury
host defense failure =
compromised immune response; one or more components inactive; immune decline ~50.
can be from alcohol, drugs, and malnutrition;
can be inherited and acquired;
affects lymphocytes, phagocytes, and complement proteins
Examples of autoimmune disease
Lupus, a chronic inflammatory disease that affects multiple organ systems : kidneys lungs heart brain skin joints digestive tract
Other examples: Addison's disease Celiac disease Graves disease Hoshimoto's Thyroiditis Multiple Sclerosis
Areas often affected by autoimmune disorders include:
blood vessels connective tissue endocrine glands such as the thyroid, pancreas; joints muscles RBCs
Things than can be transplanted include:
- skin
- bone
- cornea
- lungs
- heart
- bone marrow
One type of reaction that occurs when the host or recipient’s immune system rejects the graph
host vs. graph disease
this may occur in bone marrow transplants
There are 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions. Types __ ,__ ,__ are mediated by __ produced by __ cells and type __ is mediated by __ cells.
1,2,3 ; antibodies
B; T
Host defense failure should be suspected with __, ___, __ or __ __.
severe, recurrent, unusual, unmanageable infections
Type 1 Hypersensitivity are __ __ mediated by __. Rxn typically occurs __-__ min after exposure to the antigen
allergic reactions; IgE
15-30
Allergic reactions take many forms including:
- skin rashes
- hay fever
- vomiting
- anaphylaxis
A tendency toward allergic conditions is inherited and referred to as an
atopic hypersensitivity reaction
Type 1 hypersensitivity begins when an individual is exposed to a specific __ and for some reason develops __ __ from __ cells . These antibodies attach to __ cells at certain locations creating sensitized _ cells.
allergen ; IgE antibodies; B;
mast; mast
Mast cells are __ __ cells that are present in __ numbers in the __. of the __ and __ tracts.
connective tissue; large; mucosa; respiratory; digestive
On re-exposure to the same allergen, the allergen attaches to the __ antibody on the mast cell, simulating the release of chemical mediators such as __ from the __ within the mast cells.
IgE; histamine; granules
The chemical mediators cause an __ rxn involving __ and increased __ __ at the site.
inflammatory
vasodilation
capillary permeability
The initial release of histamine also irritates the __ __ and causes __ or __ __, causing __ , __ __, __ __, and __. A more severe reaction is __.
nerve endings; itching; mild pain; hives; runny nose, throat contrition; edema ; anaphylaxis
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions:
seasonal allergies food allergies such as peanuts, fish Atopic dermatitis eczema bee sting asthma drug allergies
__ __ can be done to determine the specific cause of an allergy. This procedure involves __ the _ and dropping a small amount of _ __ on the scratch. The site is observed for __ which indicates a __ __ reaction.
Skin test; scratching; skin
purified antigen ; redness; positive skin
Pharmacological management of type 1 hypersensitivity include:
- antihistamines like Benadryl
- corticosteroids like prednisone
- Epinephrine is used for acute allergic reactions and can be given subQ or IV
- Immunotherapy and pharmacological desensitization
Type II hypersensitivity is often called :
cytotoxic hypersensitivity
