Ch. 48 Endocrine System (Unit 5)

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

Chemical substances produced in the body that control and regulate the activity of certain target cells or organs.

Question 2

Negative feedback

Answer 2

Most common type of endocrine feedback system that results in the gland increasing or decreasing the release of hormone.

Question 3

Positive feedback

Answer 3

Regulates hormone synthesis and release.

Question 4

Circadian rhythm

Answer 4

Endogenous 24-hour rhythm that can be driven and altered by sleep-wake or dark-light 24-hour cycles

Question 5

Tropic hormones

Answer 5

Hormones that control the secretion of hormones by other glands

Question 6

Growth Hormone

Answer 6

Affects the growth and development of all body tissues. Has a role in protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism.

Question 7

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 7

Regulates fluid volume by stimulating reabsorption of water in the renal tubules. It is a potent vasoconstrictor.

Question 8

Oxytocin

Answer 8

Stimulates ejection of milk into mammary ducts during lactation and contraction of the uterus; it may also affect sperm motility.

Question 9

Melatonin

Answer 9

Secretion is increased in response to exposure to the dark and decreased in response to light.

Question 10

Thyroxine (T4)

Answer 10

Thyroid hormone that accounts for 90% of production by the thyroid gland.

Question 11

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 11

Thyroid hormone that is more potent and has greater metabolic effects than T4

Question 12

Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of both

Answer 12

T3 and T4

Question 13

Calcitonin

Answer 13

Produced by C cells of the thyroid gland in response to high circulating calcium levels. `

Question 14

Catecholamines

Answer 14

Neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

Question 15

Corticosteroid

Answer 15

Promote metabolism; increase in response to stress; anti-inflammatory

Question 16

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 16

Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones

Question 17

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Answer 17

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids

Question 18

Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 18

Stimulates secretion of estrogen and the development of ova in women and sperm development in men.

Question 19

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Answer 19

Stimulates ovulation in women and secretion of sex hormones in both men and women.

Question 20

Cortisol

Answer 20

Most abundant and potent glucocorticoid, is necessary to maintain life and protect the body from stress.

Question 21

Aldosterone

Answer 21

Potent mineralocorticoid that maintains extracellular fluid volume. It acts on the renal tubule to promote renal reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions.

Question 22

Islets of Langerhans

Answer 22

The hormone-secreting portion of the pancreas. Consists of 4 types of hormone-secreting cells: alpha, beta, delta, and F cells

Question 23

Alpha cells

Answer 23

produce and secretes the hormone glucagon

Question 24

Beta Cells

Answer 24

produce and secrete insulin and amylin

Question 25

Delta cells

Answer 25

produce and secrete somatostatin

Question 26

F cells

Answer 26

Secrete pancreatic polypeptides

Question 27

Glucagon

Answer 27

Synthesized and released from pancreatic alpha cells and the gut in response to low levels of blood glucose, protein ingestion, and exercise.

Question 28

Insulin

Answer 28

Principal regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Question 29

Somatostatin

Answer 29

Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

Question 30

Pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 30

Influences regulation of pancreatic exocrine function and metabolism of absorbed nutrients

Question 31

Androgens

Answer 31

Promote growth spurt in adolescence, secondary sex characteristics, and libido in both sexes

Question 32

Hypothalamus

Answer 32

• 2 important groups of hormones: releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones
• Contains neurons, which receive input from the CNS, including brainstem, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. -Neurons from the hypothalamus create a circuit to facilitate coordination of the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system.
• Coordinates the expression of complex behavioral responses, such as anger, fear, and pleasure

Question 33

Pituitary

Answer 33

• Connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibular stalk. Stalk relays information between the hypothalamus and the pituitary
• 2 major parts: Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary