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Med-Surg > Ch. 30- Hematologic System (Unit 3) > Flashcards

Ch. 30- Hematologic System (Unit 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Hematology

A

The study of blood and blood-forming tissues.

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2
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell production that occurs within the bone marrow.

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3
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Soft material that fills the central core of bones

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4
Q

Two types of bone marrow include

A

Red marrow (hematopoietic) and yellow marrow (adipose)

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5
Q

Red marrow actively produces ____ ____.

A

Blood cells.

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6
Q

Three types of blood cells include:

A
  • Red blood cells (RBCs)
  • White Blood Cells (WBCs)
  • Platelets
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7
Q

Blood is a type of _____ tissue.

A

Connective

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8
Q

3 major functions of blood:

A

1) Transportation
2) Regulation
3) Protection

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9
Q

Approximately ____ of blood is plasma

A

55%

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10
Q

Plasma is composed primarily of _____.

A

Water

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11
Q

Plasma contains

A

Proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, and waste.

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12
Q

Serum refers to

A

Plasma minus its clotting factors.

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13
Q

Plasma proteins include:

A

Albumin, globulin, and clotting factors (mostly fibrinogen)

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14
Q

Most plasma proteins are produced by the ____.

A

Liver

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15
Q

Antibodies are produced by

A

Plasma cells

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16
Q

Albumin

A

A protein that helps maintain oncotic pressure in the blood.

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17
Q

3 Types of blood cells:

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Thrombocytes (Platelets)
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18
Q

The primary function of Erythrocytes is:

A

Oxygen transportation

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19
Q

Leukocytes are involved in protecting the body from _____.

A

Infection

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20
Q

Platelets promote ____ _____.

A

Blood coagulation.

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21
Q

The primary functions of RBCs include

A

Transportation of gases (both oxygen and carbon dioxide) assistance in maintaining acid-base balance.

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22
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A complex protein-iron compound composed of heme (an iron compound) and globin (a simple protein), binds with oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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23
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Oxygen-bound hemoglobin that is responsible for giving arterial blood its bright red appearance.

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24
Q

Hemoglobin acts as a buffer and plays a role in maintaining ____ _____ _____.

A

Acid-base balance

25
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

The process of RBC production

26
Q

Erythropoiesis is regulated by:

A

Cellular oxygen requirements and general metabolic activity.

27
Q

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by ____ and controlled by ____.

A

Hypoxia; erythropoietin

28
Q

Erythropoietin

A

A glycoprotein growth factor synthesized and released primarily by the kidney.

29
Q

Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to increase ______ production.

A

erythrocyte

30
Q

Hypothyroidism is often associated with

A

Anemia

31
Q

Reticulocyte

A

An immature erythrocyte

32
Q

Reticulocyte count

A

Measures the rate at which new RBCs appear in the circulation.

Reticulocyte can develop into mature RBCs within 48 hours of release into the circulation

33
Q

Hemolysis

A

Destruction of RBCs

34
Q

Hemolysis by monotypes and macrophages removes:

A

Abnormal, defective, damaged, and old RBCs from circulation

35
Q

Hemolysis normally occurs in

A

Bone marrow, liver, and spleen

36
Q

Hemolysis of RBCs results in increased ____ to be processed by the body.

A

bilirubin

37
Q

Leukocytes

A

2 major types:

-Granulocytes and agranulocytes

38
Q

Granulocytes

Leukocytes containing granules within the cytoplasm

A

3 types:

  • Neutophils
  • Basophils
  • Eusinophils
39
Q

Agranulocytes

Leukocytes that do not have granules within the cytoplasm

A

2 major types:

  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
40
Q

Primary function of granulocytes

A

Phagocytosis

41
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process by which WBCs ingest or engulf any unwanted organism and then digest and kill it

42
Q

Most common type of granulocyte

A

Neutrophil

43
Q

Neutrophils are the primary phagocytic cells involved in

A

Acute inflammatory responses

44
Q

Mature neutrophil

A 
Segmented neutrophil 
(Nucleus is segmented into 2-5 lobes connected by strands)
45
Q

Immature neutrophil

A

Band

band appearance of the nucleus

46
Q

Increased in neutrophil is a common diagnostic indicator of

A

Infection and tissue injury

47
Q

Eosinophils

A

Engulf antigen-antibody complexes formed during an allergic response.

48
Q

An elevated level of eosinophils may indicate

A

neoplastic disorders, such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and is seen in various skin diseases and connective tissue disorders

49
Q

Eosinophils are also able to defend against

A

Parasitic infections

50
Q

Basophils

A

Contain chemical mediators, such as heparin and histamine.

51
Q

Basophils is stimulated by

A

An antigen or by tissue injury, it responds by releasing substances within the granules

52
Q

Mast cells

A

Similar to Basophils, but reside in connective tissues.

Play a central role in inflammation, permeability of blood vessels, and smooth muscle contraction

53
Q

Lymphocytes

A

An agranular leukocyte

Formers the basis of the cellular and humoral immune responses

54
Q

2 lymphocyte subtypes

A

B and T cells

55
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

Lymphocytes that do not require prior exposure to antigens to kill virus-infected cells and activate T cells and phagocytes

56
Q

Monocytes

A

Are potent phagocytic cells that ingest small or large masses of matter, such as bacteria, dead cells, tissue debris, and old or defective RBCs

57
Q

Thrombocyte

A

Initiate the clotting process by producing an initial platelet plug in the early phases of the process

58
Q

For blood clotting to occur, platelets must be

A

available in sufficient numbers and must be structurally and metabolically sound

Med-Surg (10 decks)

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