Ch. 30- Hematologic System (Unit 3) Flashcards
Hematology
The study of blood and blood-forming tissues.
Hematopoiesis
Blood cell production that occurs within the bone marrow.
Bone Marrow
Soft material that fills the central core of bones
Two types of bone marrow include
Red marrow (hematopoietic) and yellow marrow (adipose)
Red marrow actively produces ____ ____.
Blood cells.
Three types of blood cells include:
- Red blood cells (RBCs)
- White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- Platelets
Blood is a type of _____ tissue.
Connective
3 major functions of blood:
1) Transportation
2) Regulation
3) Protection
Approximately ____ of blood is plasma
55%
Plasma is composed primarily of _____.
Water
Plasma contains
Proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, and waste.
Serum refers to
Plasma minus its clotting factors.
Plasma proteins include:
Albumin, globulin, and clotting factors (mostly fibrinogen)
Most plasma proteins are produced by the ____.
Liver
Antibodies are produced by
Plasma cells
Albumin
A protein that helps maintain oncotic pressure in the blood.
3 Types of blood cells:
- Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Leukocytes (WBCs)
- Thrombocytes (Platelets)
The primary function of Erythrocytes is:
Oxygen transportation
Leukocytes are involved in protecting the body from _____.
Infection
Platelets promote ____ _____.
Blood coagulation.
The primary functions of RBCs include
Transportation of gases (both oxygen and carbon dioxide) assistance in maintaining acid-base balance.
Hemoglobin
A complex protein-iron compound composed of heme (an iron compound) and globin (a simple protein), binds with oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen-bound hemoglobin that is responsible for giving arterial blood its bright red appearance.
Hemoglobin acts as a buffer and plays a role in maintaining ____ _____ _____.
Acid-base balance
Erythropoiesis
The process of RBC production
Erythropoiesis is regulated by:
Cellular oxygen requirements and general metabolic activity.
Erythropoiesis is stimulated by ____ and controlled by ____.
Hypoxia; erythropoietin
Erythropoietin
A glycoprotein growth factor synthesized and released primarily by the kidney.
Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to increase ______ production.
erythrocyte
Hypothyroidism is often associated with
Anemia
Reticulocyte
An immature erythrocyte
Reticulocyte count
Measures the rate at which new RBCs appear in the circulation.
Reticulocyte can develop into mature RBCs within 48 hours of release into the circulation
Hemolysis
Destruction of RBCs
Hemolysis by monotypes and macrophages removes:
Abnormal, defective, damaged, and old RBCs from circulation
Hemolysis normally occurs in
Bone marrow, liver, and spleen
Hemolysis of RBCs results in increased ____ to be processed by the body.
bilirubin
Leukocytes
2 major types:
-Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Granulocytes
Leukocytes containing granules within the cytoplasm
3 types:
- Neutophils
- Basophils
- Eusinophils
Agranulocytes
Leukocytes that do not have granules within the cytoplasm
2 major types:
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
Primary function of granulocytes
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
Process by which WBCs ingest or engulf any unwanted organism and then digest and kill it
Most common type of granulocyte
Neutrophil
Neutrophils are the primary phagocytic cells involved in
Acute inflammatory responses
Mature neutrophil
Segmented neutrophil (Nucleus is segmented into 2-5 lobes connected by strands)
Immature neutrophil
Band
band appearance of the nucleus
Increased in neutrophil is a common diagnostic indicator of
Infection and tissue injury
Eosinophils
Engulf antigen-antibody complexes formed during an allergic response.
An elevated level of eosinophils may indicate
neoplastic disorders, such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and is seen in various skin diseases and connective tissue disorders
Eosinophils are also able to defend against
Parasitic infections
Basophils
Contain chemical mediators, such as heparin and histamine.
Basophils is stimulated by
An antigen or by tissue injury, it responds by releasing substances within the granules
Mast cells
Similar to Basophils, but reside in connective tissues.
Play a central role in inflammation, permeability of blood vessels, and smooth muscle contraction
Lymphocytes
An agranular leukocyte
Formers the basis of the cellular and humoral immune responses
2 lymphocyte subtypes
B and T cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Lymphocytes that do not require prior exposure to antigens to kill virus-infected cells and activate T cells and phagocytes
Monocytes
Are potent phagocytic cells that ingest small or large masses of matter, such as bacteria, dead cells, tissue debris, and old or defective RBCs
Thrombocyte
Initiate the clotting process by producing an initial platelet plug in the early phases of the process
For blood clotting to occur, platelets must be
available in sufficient numbers and must be structurally and metabolically sound
