Ch. 39 Gastrointestinal System (Unit 5) Flashcards
Deglutition
Swallowing
Valsalva Maneuver
Contraction of the chest muscles on a closed glottis with simultaneous contraction of the abdominal muscles.
Hepatocytes
Rows of hepatic cells arranged around a central vein
Kupffer cells
Located between the rows of hepatocytes; carry out phagocytic activity (removal of bacteria and toxins from the blood)
Endoscopy
Direct visualization of a body structure through a lighted fiberoptic instrument.
Borborygmi
Stomach growling
Bilirubin
Pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin.
It is used to help determine the cause of jaundice and/or help diagnose conditions such as liver disease, hemolytic anemia, and blockage of the bile ducts
The main function of the GI system is to supply nutrients to body cells through the process of:
1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
Ghrelin
Hormone involved in appetite stimulation
Leptin
Hormone involved in appetite suppression
Functions of the stomach include
to store food, mix food with gastric secretions, and empty contents in small boluses into the small intestine
Stomach absorption:
Absorbs only small amounts of water, alcohol, electrolytes, and certain drugs.
2 primary functions of the small intestine are
Digestion and absorption
Digestion of proteins beings in the
stomach
___ begins the breakdown of proteins
Pepsin
Average time that meals remain in the stomach are
3-4 hours
The most important function of the large intestine is
the absorption of water and electrolytes
Action of the enzymes in the salivary glands
Initiation of starch digestion (Salivary amylase)
Action of the enzymes in the stomach
- Protein digestion (Pepsinogen)
- Activation of pepsinogen to pepsin (HCl acid)
- Fat digestion (Lipase)
- Essential for cobalamin (B12) absorption in ileum (Intrinsic factor)
Action of the enzymes in the Small Intestine
- Activation of trypinogen to trypsin (Enterokinase)
- Carbohydrate digestion (Amylase)
- Protein digestion (Peptidases and aminopeptidases)
- Maltose to tow glucose molecules (Maltase)
- Sucrose to glucose and fructose (Sucrase)
- Lactose to glucose and galactose (Lactase)
- Fat digestion (Lipase)
Acton of the enzymes in the pancreas
- Protein digestion (Trypsinogen and chymotrypsin)
- Starch to disaccharides (Amylase)
- Fat digestion (Lipase)
Action of enzymes in the liver and gallbladder
-Emulsification of fats and aid in absorption of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E,K (bile).
Gastrin
Stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility. Maintains lower esophageal sphincter tone
Secretin
Inhibits gastric motility and acid secretion. Stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
Cholecystokinin
Contracts gallbladder and relaxes sphincter of Oddi. Allows increased flow of bile into duodenum; releases of pancreatic digestive enzymes.
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Inhibits gastric acid secretion and motility
Liver
Essential for life. Functions in the manufacture, storage, transformation, and excretion of a number of substances involved in metabolism.
Pancreas
-Has both exocrine and endocrine functions.
-Contributes to digestion through the production and release of enzymes
-Islets of Langerhans:
>Beta cells secrete insulin and amylin
>Alpha cells secrete glucagon
>Omega cells secrete somatostatin
>F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
Biliary tract
Consists of the gallbladder and the duct system.
Bile is produced by
Hepatic cells and secreted into the biliary canaliculi of the lobules
Most bile is stored and concentrated in the
gallbladder
Hepatotoxic chemicals and drugs
- Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
- Amiodarone (Cordarone)
- Arsenic
- Azathiprine (Imuran)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
- Chloroform
- Fluconazole (Diflucan)
- Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
- Niacin
- Statins (Simvastatin [Zocorl])
- Thiazide diurectics (Hydrochlorothiazide)
Structures located in the RUQ
- Liver and gallbladder
- Pylorus
- Duodenum
- Head of Pancreas
- Right adrenal gland
- Portion of right kidney
- Hepatic flexure of colon
- Portion of ascending and transverse colon
Structures located in the LUQ
- Left lobe of liver
- Spleen
- Stomach
- Body of pancreas
- Left adrenal gland
- Portion of left kidney
- Splenic flexure of colon
- Portion of transverse and descending colon
Structure located in the RLQ
- Lower pole of right kidney
- Cecum and appendix
- Portion of ascending colon
- Bladder (if distended)
- Right ovary and salpinx
- Uterus (if enlarged)
- Right spermatic cord
- Right ureter
Structures located in the LLQ
- Lower pole of left kidney
- Sigmoid flexure
- Portion of descending colon
- Bladder (if distended)
- Left ovary and salpinx
- Uterus (if enlarged)
- Left spermatic cord
- Left ureter
Cheilosis
Softening, fissuring, and cracking of lips at angles of mouth (riboflavin deficiency)
Cheilitis
Inflammation of lips (usually lower) with fissuring, scaling, and crusting (unknown etiology)
Leukoplakia
Thickening white patches in mouth(premalignant lesion)
Pyorrhea
Recessed gingivae, purulent pockets
Candidiasis
White, curdlike lesions surrounded by erythematous mucosa (candida albicans)
Glossitis
Reddened, ulcerated, swollen tongue (exposure to streptococci, irritation, injury, vitamin B deficiencies, anemia)
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood
Pyrosis
Heartburn
Dyspepsia
Burning or indigestion
Odynophagia
Painful swallowing
Eructation
Belching
Ascites
Accumulated fluid within abdominal cavity
Rebound tenderness
Sudden pain when fingers are withdrawn quickly
Hernia
Bulge or nodule in abdomen, usually appearing on straining
Pilonidal cyst
Opening of sinus tract, cyst in midline just above coccyx
Fissure
Ulceration in anal canal
Melena
Abnormal, black, tarry stool containing digested blood
Tenesmus
Painful and ineffective straining at stool. Sense of incomplete incomplete evacuation
Steatorrhea
Fatty, frothy, foul-smelling stool
