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Med-Surg > Ch. 39 Gastrointestinal System (Unit 5) > Flashcards

Ch. 39 Gastrointestinal System (Unit 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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2
Q

Valsalva Maneuver

A

Contraction of the chest muscles on a closed glottis with simultaneous contraction of the abdominal muscles.

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3
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Rows of hepatic cells arranged around a central vein

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4
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Located between the rows of hepatocytes; carry out phagocytic activity (removal of bacteria and toxins from the blood)

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5
Q

Endoscopy

A

Direct visualization of a body structure through a lighted fiberoptic instrument.

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6
Q

Borborygmi

A

Stomach growling

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7
Q

Bilirubin

A

Pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin.

It is used to help determine the cause of jaundice and/or help diagnose conditions such as liver disease, hemolytic anemia, and blockage of the bile ducts

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8
Q

The main function of the GI system is to supply nutrients to body cells through the process of:

A

1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption

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9
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone involved in appetite stimulation

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10
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone involved in appetite suppression

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11
Q

Functions of the stomach include

A

to store food, mix food with gastric secretions, and empty contents in small boluses into the small intestine

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12
Q

Stomach absorption:

A

Absorbs only small amounts of water, alcohol, electrolytes, and certain drugs.

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13
Q

2 primary functions of the small intestine are

A

Digestion and absorption

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14
Q

Digestion of proteins beings in the

A

stomach

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15
Q

___ begins the breakdown of proteins

A

Pepsin

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16
Q

Average time that meals remain in the stomach are

A

3-4 hours

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17
Q

The most important function of the large intestine is

A

the absorption of water and electrolytes

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18
Q

Action of the enzymes in the salivary glands

A

Initiation of starch digestion (Salivary amylase)

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19
Q

Action of the enzymes in the stomach

A
  • Protein digestion (Pepsinogen)
  • Activation of pepsinogen to pepsin (HCl acid)
  • Fat digestion (Lipase)
  • Essential for cobalamin (B12) absorption in ileum (Intrinsic factor)
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20
Q

Action of the enzymes in the Small Intestine

A
  • Activation of trypinogen to trypsin (Enterokinase)
  • Carbohydrate digestion (Amylase)
  • Protein digestion (Peptidases and aminopeptidases)
  • Maltose to tow glucose molecules (Maltase)
  • Sucrose to glucose and fructose (Sucrase)
  • Lactose to glucose and galactose (Lactase)
  • Fat digestion (Lipase)
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21
Q

Acton of the enzymes in the pancreas

A
  • Protein digestion (Trypsinogen and chymotrypsin)
  • Starch to disaccharides (Amylase)
  • Fat digestion (Lipase)
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22
Q

Action of enzymes in the liver and gallbladder

A

-Emulsification of fats and aid in absorption of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E,K (bile).

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23
Q

Gastrin

A

Stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility. Maintains lower esophageal sphincter tone

24
Q

Secretin

A

Inhibits gastric motility and acid secretion. Stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion

25
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Contracts gallbladder and relaxes sphincter of Oddi. Allows increased flow of bile into duodenum; releases of pancreatic digestive enzymes.

26
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide

A

Inhibits gastric acid secretion and motility

27
Q

Liver

A

Essential for life. Functions in the manufacture, storage, transformation, and excretion of a number of substances involved in metabolism.

28
Q

Pancreas

A

-Has both exocrine and endocrine functions.
-Contributes to digestion through the production and release of enzymes
-Islets of Langerhans:
>Beta cells secrete insulin and amylin
>Alpha cells secrete glucagon
>Omega cells secrete somatostatin
>F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

29
Q

Biliary tract

A

Consists of the gallbladder and the duct system.

30
Q

Bile is produced by

A

Hepatic cells and secreted into the biliary canaliculi of the lobules

31
Q

Most bile is stored and concentrated in the

A

gallbladder

32
Q

Hepatotoxic chemicals and drugs

A
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
  • Amiodarone (Cordarone)
  • Arsenic
  • Azathiprine (Imuran)
  • Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
  • Chloroform
  • Fluconazole (Diflucan)
  • Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
  • Niacin
  • Statins (Simvastatin [Zocorl])
  • Thiazide diurectics (Hydrochlorothiazide)
33
Q

Structures located in the RUQ

A
  • Liver and gallbladder
  • Pylorus
  • Duodenum
  • Head of Pancreas
  • Right adrenal gland
  • Portion of right kidney
  • Hepatic flexure of colon
  • Portion of ascending and transverse colon
34
Q

Structures located in the LUQ

A
  • Left lobe of liver
  • Spleen
  • Stomach
  • Body of pancreas
  • Left adrenal gland
  • Portion of left kidney
  • Splenic flexure of colon
  • Portion of transverse and descending colon
35
Q

Structure located in the RLQ

A
  • Lower pole of right kidney
  • Cecum and appendix
  • Portion of ascending colon
  • Bladder (if distended)
  • Right ovary and salpinx
  • Uterus (if enlarged)
  • Right spermatic cord
  • Right ureter
36
Q

Structures located in the LLQ

A
  • Lower pole of left kidney
  • Sigmoid flexure
  • Portion of descending colon
  • Bladder (if distended)
  • Left ovary and salpinx
  • Uterus (if enlarged)
  • Left spermatic cord
  • Left ureter
37
Q

Cheilosis

A

Softening, fissuring, and cracking of lips at angles of mouth (riboflavin deficiency)

38
Q

Cheilitis

A

Inflammation of lips (usually lower) with fissuring, scaling, and crusting (unknown etiology)

39
Q

Leukoplakia

A

Thickening white patches in mouth(premalignant lesion)

40
Q

Pyorrhea

A

Recessed gingivae, purulent pockets

41
Q

Candidiasis

A

White, curdlike lesions surrounded by erythematous mucosa (candida albicans)

42
Q

Glossitis

A

Reddened, ulcerated, swollen tongue (exposure to streptococci, irritation, injury, vitamin B deficiencies, anemia)

43
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

44
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood

45
Q

Pyrosis

A

Heartburn

46
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Burning or indigestion

47
Q

Odynophagia

A

Painful swallowing

48
Q

Eructation

A

Belching

49
Q

Ascites

A

Accumulated fluid within abdominal cavity

50
Q

Rebound tenderness

A

Sudden pain when fingers are withdrawn quickly

51
Q

Hernia

A

Bulge or nodule in abdomen, usually appearing on straining

52
Q

Pilonidal cyst

A

Opening of sinus tract, cyst in midline just above coccyx

53
Q

Fissure

A

Ulceration in anal canal

54
Q

Melena

A

Abnormal, black, tarry stool containing digested blood

55
Q

Tenesmus

A

Painful and ineffective straining at stool. Sense of incomplete incomplete evacuation

56
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Fatty, frothy, foul-smelling stool

Med-Surg (10 decks)

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