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Pathophysiology II class notes > Ch. 40 Disorders of the Female Reproductive Organs > Flashcards

Ch. 40 Disorders of the Female Reproductive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?

A 
Linked to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection
Smoking
Dietary/nutritional
Early age of first sexual intercourse/contact
Family history
Immunodeficiency
Multiparity
Oral contraceptives
h/o chlamydial or herpes virus infection
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2
Q

`Describe the pathogenesis of cervical cancer

A

Cell dysplasia can be pre-cancerous (Pap smear)
Long latent period but rapid once starting
Squamous cell carcinoma most common

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3
Q

What are the manifestations of cervical cancer?

A

Abnormal vaginal bleeding, spotting, discharge (increased after intercourse)
Pain (pelvic, back)
Hematuria, fistulas

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4
Q

What are the treatments for cervical cancer?

A 
Removal of lesion
Surgical removal of organs
Radiation
Chemo-radiation
Chemotherapy
Brachytherapy
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5
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

Involves upper reproductive tract (uterus to fallopian tubes to ovaries)
Caused by polymicrobial sexually transmitted organisms (and more rarely, endogenous organisms)

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6
Q

What are the risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

16-24 years old
Multiparity
Multiple sexual partners
h/o PID, IUD use

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7
Q

Why are the risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease enhanced during menstruation?

A

The reproductive system “opens up” to allow flow, but also allows microorganisms to travel.

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8
Q

What are the manifestations of pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

Lower abdominal pain (just after menstruation)
Cervical pain on manipulation
Purulent discharge
Bleeding (especially if on oral contraceptives)
Fever
Elevated WBC, ESR, CRP

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9
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Cells from the lining of the uterus flourish elsewhere

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for endometriosis?

A

Early/altered menarche
Postponed childbearing
Familial
Dysmenorrhea

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11
Q

What are the manifestations of endometriosis?

A

Pain: pelvic, back, micturition & defication
d/t bleeding during menstruation
Infertility
Ovarian cysts

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12
Q

What are the treatments for endometriosis?

A 
Symptomatic (pain)
Endometrial suppression
Surgical removal
Tissue
Hysterectomy
Hysterectomy & Bilateral Salpingo Oophrectomy
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13
Q

What is endometrial cancer?

A

Most common cancer of female reproductive tract (adenocarcinoma type)

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14
Q

What are the risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

Post-menopause
Estrogen excess
Nulparity (no pregnancies)
Endometrial hyperplasia

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15
Q

What are the manifestations of endometrial cancer?

A

Post-menopausal painless bleeding

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16
Q

What are the manifestations of ovarian cysts?

A

Discomfort, aching

Occasionally can rupture or become infected

17
Q

What are the types of ovarian cysts?

A

Follicle doesn’t burst and release ovum
Luteal cyst (from corpus luteum not dissolving)
Dermoid cyst
Benign “teratoma”
Skin, hair, bone, nails, teeth, eyes, thyroid tissue
Chocolate cyst
Caused by endometriosis

18
Q

How prevalent is polycystic ovary syndrome?

A

Affects 5-10% of reproductive aged women

19
Q

What are the risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome?

A

Hormonal changes
Chronic anovulation causing ammenorrhea
Obesity

20
Q

Describe the pathophysiology behind polycystic ovary syndrome

A

Follicles develop but don’t ovulate

LH levels remain, stimulating androgen production, which stimulates cycle to continue.

21
Q

What are the manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome?

A 
Menstrual irregularity
Hyperandrogenism
Infertility
Hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance
     Reason not clear
Hypertension
22
Q

What is the treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome

A

Symptom relief
Weight loss
Oral contraceptives
Spironolactone (inhibits androgen production by adrenal gland).

23
Q

What are the types of benign ovarian tumors?

A

Epithelial cell
Endometriomas or “chocolate cysts”
Fibromas
Teratomas/dermoid cyst

24
Q

What is a functioning ovarian tumor?

A

A tumor that secretes hormones

25
Q

What is the result of a functioning tumour that secretes estrogen?

A

Altered menstrual cycle

26
Q

What is the result of a functioning tumour that secretes androgens?

A

Causes masculine characteristics

27
Q

What is ovarian cancer secondary to?

A

Secondary to endometrial cancer

28
Q

What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?

A 
Nullparity (no pregnancies)
Older women (usually)
Family history of breast or ovarian cancer
29
Q

What is the prognosis for ovarian cancer?

A

High mortality rate as vague symptoms are not recognized early
Up to 75% have metastasized when diagnosed

30
Q

What are the manifestations of ovarian cancer?

A

Often asymptomatic
Increased abdominal size (ascites)
Dyspepsia
Bloating, early satiety

31
Q

What are the treatments for ovarian cancer?

A

Total hysterectomy & BSO
Possible omentum removal
Chemotherapy

32
Q

What is the most common female cancer?

A

Breast cancer (1 in 9)

33
Q

Describe the pathophysiology behind breast cancer

A

Normally, BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes suppress tumor growth by repairing DNA that has mutated
Mutation of these genes leads to cancer growth

34
Q

What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

A

Increased age
Family history/genetic mutation
h/o benign breast disease
Hormonal changes that influence breast maturation (early menarche, late pregnancy and menopause)

35
Q

What are the modifiable risks for breast cancer?

A

Obesity
Physical inactivity
Postmenopausal hormone therapy
Alcohol use
2 drinks/day increases risk by 8.5% (University of Victoria study 2014)
5-10% of those diagnosed can be linked to alcohol use (Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation)

36
Q

How is breast cancer manifested?

A

Solitary, painless fixed lesion with pooly defined borders is most common
Upper outer quadrant most common

37
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for breast cancer?

A

Mammography
Self-examination
MRI
Biopsy

38
Q

What are the treatments for breast cancer?

A

Surgery (radical, modified)
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Hormonal manipulation

Pathophysiology II class notes (15 decks)

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