Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology II class notes > Ch. 25 Renal Disorders > Flashcards

Ch. 25 Renal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

An inflammatory process that is the second leading cause of kidney failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of glomerulonephritis?

A

Hereditary
Other disease process
Immunologic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two immunologic causes of glomerulonephritis?

A
  1. Injury from antibody reacting with antigens in glomeruli

2. Injury from circulating antibody/antigen complexes that lodge in the glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are the types of glomerulonephritis categorized?

A

By appearance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the four categories of glomerulonephritis?

A

Proliferative, membranous, sclerotic, diffuse/focal/segmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the types of glomerular disease?

A 
Acute Nephritic syndrome
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic syndrome
Asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria
Chronic glomerulonephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is acute nephritic syndrome?

A

Inflammatory response damaging glomerular capillary wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the manifestations of acute nephritic syndrome?

A 
Hematuria
Decreased GFR
Azotemia
Oliguria
Fluid retention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is proliferative glomerulonephritis?

A

Infiltration of WBC and proliferation of glomerular cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is membranous glomerulonephritis?

A

Thickening of glomerular capillary wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is sclerotic glomerulonephritis?

A

Increased extracellular matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the treatment for nephritic syndrome?

A

Symptomatic
Possible permanent kidney damage
Children often have spontaneous recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?

A

Signs of severe glomerular injury without specific cause. It is rapid. It involves proliferation of glomerular cells, with monocytes and macrophages that destroy Bowman space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Goodpasture’s Syndrome?

A

A rare autoimmune type of rapid progressive glomerulonephritis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

Integrity of the glomerular membrane is affected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are three causes of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Medication
Neoplasms
Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the results of nephrotic syndrome on the blood and urine?

A 
Increased GFR
Massive proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia
Edema (anascara)
Lipidurea
Hyperlipidemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria? (Two examples of this disorder)

A 
IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease)
Alport syndrome (hereditary)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is IgA nephropathy? (Berger’s disease)

A

IgA complex deposits due to inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is chronic glomerulonephritis? (What does it look like)

A

Acute forms either resolve or progress.

Small kidneys, sclerosed glomeruli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes acute pyelonephritis?

A

Bacterial infection of upper urinary tract with intrarenal reflux.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are factors that contribute to acute pyelonephritis?

A 
Outflow obstruction
Catheterization/urinary instrumentation
Vesicoureteral reflux
Pregnancy
Neurogenic bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is intrarenal reflux?

A

Urine moving in the wrong direction within the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is vesicoureteral reflux?

A

Urine going back up the ureters from the bladder into the kidney

25
Q

What are the manifestations of acute pyelonephritis?

A 
Rapid, chills, fever
Ache/pain unilateral or bilateral
(costovertebral angle)
Dysuria, frequency, urgency
Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain radiating to the back.
26
Q

What are the treatment methods for acute pyelonephritis?

A

Symptomatic pain relief
Fluids to aid dysuria
Antibiotics

27
Q

What is chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Scarring and deformation of renal calyces and pelvis, with atrophy and thinning of cortex.

28
Q

What part of the kidney does chronic pyelonephritis primarily affect?

A

Primarily affects proximal and distal tubules.

29
Q

What are the causes of chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Recurrent or persistent infection, intrarenal reflux.

30
Q

What factors determine the effect of toxin-related nephropathies?

A 
Action of drugs/toxins
Number of toxins involved
Existence of pre-renal issues that decrease blood flow to kidney
Formation of crystals
Hypersensitivity response
31
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

A

Fluid filled cysts in kidney (and liver, and sometimes other organs) An inherited autosomal dominant disease. It is generally in the older population and progresses slowly.

32
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind polycystic kidney disease?

A

Deformity of epithelial cell interfere with fluid absorption/cellular maturation resulting in cyst formation
Inflammatory mediators accumulate, and renal tubular cells are destroyed
Kidneys enlarge

33
Q

What are the manifestations of polycystic kidney disease?

A

Pain
Hematuria
Infected cysts (UTI)
Hypertension

34
Q

What are the complications of polycystic kidney disease?

A

Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
Valvular deformities
Cerebral artery aneurysm - subarachnoid hemorrhage

35
Q

What are obstructive problems that occur in the renal pelvis?

A

Calculi, necrosis

36
Q

What are obstructive problems that occur in the ureter?

A

Calculi, pregnancy, tumors, stricture, congenital origins

37
Q

What are obstructive problems that occur in the bladder and ureter?

A

Calculi, neurogenic bladder, cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy, strictures

38
Q

What are some kinds of damage that can result from obstructive disorders?

A

Stasis of urine
Progressive dilation of renal collecting ducts and tubular structures
Hydronephrosis

39
Q

What does stasis of urine cause?

A

UTI

Stone formation

40
Q

What does progressive dilation of renal collecting ducts and tubular structures result in?

A

Causes destruction and atrophy of renal tissue.

41
Q

What does hydronephrosis mean?

A

Urine-filled dilation of renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction of outflow, leading to atrophy of kidney

42
Q

What are the manifestations of urinary obstructions?

A

Recurrent UTIs
Minimal to severe pain (dependent on level and degree of obstruction)
Complete obstruction

43
Q

What are some results of complete urinary obstruction?

A

Oliguria/anuria

Renal failure

44
Q

What is the most common cause of upper urinary tract obstruction?

A

Renal calculi (nephrolithiasis)

45
Q

What are the four most common materials that kidney stones are made of?

A

Calcium (oxalate or phosphate)
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
Uric acid
Cysteine

46
Q

Why does hyperparathyroidism cause kidney stones?

A

High levels of parathyroid hormone causes osteoclasts to break down bone tissue.

47
Q

What are the causes of calcium kidney stones?

A

Due to immobilization, hyperparathyroidism, diffuse bone disease

48
Q

What causes magnesium ammonium phosphate stomes?

A

Due to UTIs

49
Q

Which kidney stones are struvite/staghorn shape? (weird shaped)

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

50
Q

What are the causes of uric acid kidney stones?

A

Gout, high purine diet

51
Q

What are the causes of cystine kidney stones?

A

These are inherited and are rarer (usually in children)

52
Q

What are the manifestations of nephrolithiasis? (kidney stones)

A 
Pain
Nausea and vomiting
Pallor and diaphoresis
Frequency and burning
Fever and chills (with infection)
Hematuria
53
Q

What are the treatments for kidney stones?

A 
Analgesics, Anti-spasmotics
Allopurinol
Changes pH to decrease acidity 
Increased fluids to produce 2 liter/day
Strain urine 
Diet modification
Extrancoporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Ureteroscopic removal
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
54
Q

What is Wilms Tumor (nephroblastoma)?

A

Most common malignant abdominal tumor in children. It is usually encapsulated and associated with other congenital abnormalities.

55
Q

What are the symptoms of Wilms Tumor (nephroblastoma)?

A

Abdominal mass
Hypertension
Abdominal pain
Vomiting

56
Q

What is renal cell carcinoma characterized by?

A

Hematuria, flank pain, mass

Silent disorder in early stages

57
Q

What is a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma?

A

Smoking

58
Q

What is the treatment for renal cell carcinoma?

A

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

Pathophysiology II class notes (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions